;lA»^iMi 




Constitution of the Onite© States 



AND TME 



Declaration of Imuependei^ce 



GERMAN, FRENCH AND ENGLISH 




THE 'CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 



AND THE 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 



Ml n /j r-n I 



'AN 



XRAXSLy^ 



PROFES! 



"The preseut publica 
Frenchman or a German v 
desires to familiarize hlrasc 
of contents is very copious 
are the notes wlilch, thou^ 
from the time of the first 
with ihe constitutional his 
exiJlain the technical phras 




Class _E_2^U_ 



Copyiiglit)^'". 



COF^OUGHT DEPOSm 



GPO 



DLAW. Jr. 



FEZANDIE 



ling to put into the hands of a 
to those of an American Avho 
erman and French. The table 
, easy of reference. Best of all 
the constitutional organization 
facts and dates in connection 
3f Confederation and carefully 
•Nation, Jan. 24. 18S9. 



" Das gut ausgestati sehr gut eignen. Historische 

Anmerkungen nnd tabellarische Uebersichten am Scliluss tragen nicht wenig dazi» bei, den Werth des 
Buclies zu ev\Vi\hr'n"~^t<i(ilii-y.<'iliiiui. Dec. 23, 1888. 

" The translations have been carefully made and revised by experts in the languages, and the author, 
producing a superior work and placing it In the bauds of Americans, Germans and Frenchmen, has done 
them a great service. There is no production in history or the civilized world so simple and yet so grand 
as the GonstitiUion of the L'nited States. A study of it cannot be other than elevating, and these tranala- 
tiuns are plven in two of tlie most cDpioiis and finished languages of the earth."' 

—The Si-ic York School Joitniat, Jan. 2ti, 1889. 

"Das gut ausgestattete Buch diirfte sich ais Schul- und liausbuch sehr gut eignen. Die frauziisische 
und deutsche Uebersetzung ist sorgfiiltig redigiert worden." 

— FrnnU Leslit's " lllustrirtt' Zcitunr/,'' Jan. 12, lh89. 



'Tiie idea is certainly a novel one and the Ijook will undoubtedly be of great service.'" 

—HooTc Chat, Dec. 1888. 



"Die Ueberaetzunsten sind iu jeiler Bezieliun<? musterhaft utnl diirfte das sclion ausgestattete Werk- 
cbeii fiir manclien, welclier die drei Spiacben studirt, zu diesem Zwecke willkommen sein." 

—Xpw Yorlccr SchinaebiscJies Wocnenblatt, Jan. 9, 18S9. 

"A very convenient book of reference."— y. Y. Cfnnmercini Arlvertiser, Feb. 1, 1SS9. 

"Die Uebersetzungen sind von Faclileuten geniachi worden und deshalb zuverlassig." 

— y. I'. Handels-Xeituno, Dec. 29, 1888. 

"A very valuable and useful work."— Daily State Gazette, Trenton, New Jersey, Jan. 28, 188S. 
" A good book to put into the hands of ininiigrants."— jf'Ae Sailor's Magazine, February, 1889. 
"Tlie translations liave been carefully made."'— .STc/ence, Jan. 4, 1889. 

" It is a needed work, opportunely published. Aside from the study of tlie German and French, there 
are many Americans who could read this work with profit."— TOf Sussex Register, N. J., Jan. 2, 1889. 

" The work enables Germans and Frenchmen to read those great historical masterpieces in their own 
languages. It also assists them in mastering the most vigorous and virile English of political literature." 

— Texas Sif lings, Jan. 5, 1889. 

"The work is one which ought to, and, I think, will commend itself as being well adapted for the 
purpose for which it is intended. The exercise of the elective franchise in this country should be condi- 
tioned not only upon a renunciation of all foreign allegiance, but also upon the ability to read and write, 
and upon a familiarity with the principles of our government so far as they are exemplified in the Decla- 
ration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. According to my judgment this work 
affords to those desirous of becoming good and intelligent citizens, the most attractive and practical way of 
familiarizing themselves with those principle.s." — Prof. Williatn Stephens, A.M., M.D., Philadelpiiia, Pa. 

"I am much pleased with your work. It will prove a convenient book of reference to the French 
and Germans who wish to study the fundamental principles of our government, and will more thoroughly 
prepare them to assume the duties of American citizens."— Jwdf/p Marcus Beach, Jersey City, N. J. 

"Your work is very well done, and^ it deserves a large sale both for use iu schools and colleges, and 
as a political educator of our foreign population. Where this book is read, anarchists cannot thrive." 

—Prof. Charles T. KroeJi, of Stevens' Institute, Hoboken, N. J. 

"I am pretty famiUar with the Constitution, having taught it for years and explained its provisions to 
my classes. 1 am delighted with your triple-tongued book. It Is a very good idea and is well executed. 
The translations are excellent and the preface is a masterpiece."— /'ro/. Robert Waters, Jersey City, N. J. 

"The issue of this book is a capital idea. Wherever It goes, it will do more to spread the knowledge 
of our institutions and the blessings we enjoy under them than any lengthy treatise ever written on the 
subject, and such knowledge will prove a blessing to mankind."— y. H. Bonn, Esq.. Hoboken, N. J. 

"It is a beneficent enterprise to make these two documents a text-book of political fredom, accessible 
to all."— ^. J. Loevientfial, M.D., Hoboken, N. J. 

'•After having examined your work, permit me to say that it is a book to be recommended in every 
way and which must become exceedingly useful. As far as my knowledge extends, there exists no other 
edition of the Declaration and Constitution giving so easy and clear an insight into these highly important 
documents." — Frederick Gerhar'l, Ksq., Weehawken, N. J. 



THE 



Constitution of the United States 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 



IK 



GEK]VIA.Isr, FUENCH ^ND EISTGLISH 

IN PARALLEL COLUMNS -^^ /^fO'^^^W' 



x^f 




TRANSLATED BY 

A. H, LAIDLAW, Jr. 



NOTES AND APPENDIX, POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL 
TRENCH AND GERMAN 

REVISED BY 

PROFESSORS HELLMRICH, SCHOEDER AND FEZANDIE 
SECOND AND REVISED EDITION 



PUBLISHED BY 

LAIDLAW BROTHERS AND COMPANY 

137 W. 41sT Street, New York 



. ll LZZ 



Copyright, 1S8S, bv 
LAIDLAW BROS. & CO. 



TROWS 
PRINTING AND B00KB1N0I^ 
NEW YORK. 



H)eMcate& 

TO THE MEMORY OF 

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 

THE CREATOR OP A NATION, TO "WHOSE 

PROPHETIC MIND WAS FIRST REVEALED THE 

ADVANTAGES OP POLITICALLY UNITING ALL THE AMERICAN 

COLONIES OP ENGLAND, AND AVHO, FOR THIRTY YEARS BEFORE THE WAR 

OF THE REVOLUTION COMMENCED, ADVOCATED A PRACTICAL 

UNION OF THE STATES IN ORDER TO PROVIDE FOR 

THE COMMON DEFENCE AND TO PROMOTE 

THE GENERAL WELFARE OP 

HIS COUNTRYMEN. 



NOTE. 



The changes in spelling made, in 1880, by the Prussian Minister of Educa- 
tion, have been adopted in the German portion of this work. 

The letter h is omitted from the words formerly spelled nothig, nothwendig, 
Theil, Vertheidigung, Grossmuth, Kath, Werth, Athem, Fluth, Kathsel, Koth, etc., 
and their derivatives. 

The letter e has been inserted in those words which, for a time, were spelled 
without it ; as " disciplinieren," " garantieren," etc. 

The modified vowels, whether used as capitals or as small letters, must have 
the " Umlaut " over them ; as Ae should be written A ; Oe should be written O, 
etc. 

In order to obtain a thorough understanding of the changes recently accom- 
plished in the forms of German words, the student is referred to the Appendix of 
Cassell's German-English and English-German Dictionary of 1888, and also to 
" Kegeln uud Wurterverzeichnis ftir die deutsche Rechtschreibung zum Gebrauch 
in den preussischen Schulen." Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin. 



PREFACE. 



But few words of explanation will be necessary while presenting to the 
American people, in the English, French and German languages, the Con- 
stitution of the United States and the Declaration of Independence. They 
were composed in idiomatic English by the greatest and ripest American 
brains of the last century. Tlie author has attempted to render them into 
tlie French and German of to-day. He has attempted to produce a superior 
work to place in the hands of Americans, Germans and Frenchmen, so that 
each may be helped to master the every-day language of the others. The 
book is intended to be used in schools, in families and by the solitary student. 
The whole of the French and German translation has been revised by Profes- 
sors Hellmrich, Fezandie and Schoeder, each a recognized master of his native 
tongue. 

In the German part of this work the old black letter has been discarded, 
and the Roman letter employed. In Germany the tendency to do the same is 
growing from year to year. For the sake of Continental, literal uniformity, 
and for the salvation of the eyesight of all readers of German, we hope the 
day is not distant when both the present German script and the picturesque 
black letter will be universally superseded by the more facile and graceful 
Italian. 

Many political and historical facts are given in the column for Notes, 
and some spaces are left to be filled at pleasure by the student with gram- 



6 PREFACE. 

matical facts and appropriate clippings from magazines and newspapers. 
Blank pages at the end of the printed matter are supplied for more extended 
additions to the work. 

If American citizens and yonth had some special incentive to study the 
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, these 
great Charters of Liberty would be more universally studied than at present. 
It is hoped that the acquisition of other languages will supply that incentive, 
and that the day will soon be past when Congressmen and Legislators can 
be found who have never seriously read these much-applauded masterpieces 
of their country. 

Throughout the civilized world, in the field of history, the Constitution of 
the United States is recognized as the most consummate political flower of all 
the ages. As a structure of statesmanship, it is the simplest and the richest 
temple ever built by man. As a treasurj' of political Truth, it more nearly 
approximates a revelation from on high than any other human composition. 
Finished by our fathers, nailed by their heroic hands upon the forehead of 
flying Time, cemented by the blood of battles, alike impregnable against the 
courage or the craft of the might}' or the mean, it is the proper Ark of 
the Covenant of a chosen people which has the promise and the potency 
of assuming the position of the most free, th'e most prosperous, the most 
happy and the most enlightened of the nations of the earth. 



SECOE^D EDITIOI^. 



In revising for the second edition a few errors were found and corrected. 
The greatest improvement made upon the flrst edition is the insertion of page 
references throughout the columns of Notes on the Constitution. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 13 

NOTES— Colonial Governments, 13 

The Continental Congress, 15 

Articles of Confederation, 15 

The Various Forms of United States Government, 17 

Constitutional and State Conventions. The beginning of Constitutional Govern- 
ment, 19 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES • . . .28 

PREAMBLE, 38 

ARTICLE L 

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Section I. — Congress in general, . . 38 

Section II. — House of Bepresentatkes, 38 

Clause 1. Organization of the House, 28. Clause 2. Qualifications of Representatives, 
30. Clause 3. Apportionment of Representatives, 30. Clause 4. Vacancies, 30. 
Clause 5. Officers, and power of Impeachments, 30. 

Section III.— iSe/ia^, 32 

Clause 1. Organization of Senate, 82. Clause 2. Classification and VacancieSj 33. Clause 
3. Qualifications, 32. Clause 4. Presiding Officers, 32. Clause 5. Other Officers, 32. 
Clause 6. Trial of Impeachments, 34. Clause 7. Judgment in Impeachments, 34. 

Section IV. — Both Houses, .34 

Clause 1. Election of Members, 34. Clause 2. Meeting of Congress, 34. 



8 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Section v. — The Houses separately, 34 

Clause 1. Contested Seats, Quorum, Powers of a Minority, 34. Clause 2. Rules of Pro- 
ceeding, etc., 36. Clause 3. Journal, Yeas and Nays, 36. Clause 4. Power of Ad- 
journment, 36. 

Section VI. — Privileges and Disabilities of Members, 36 

Clause 1. Compensation of Members, Freedom from Arrest, Freedom of Speech, 36. 
Clause 2. Disqualifications of Members, 38. 

Section VII. — Mode of Passing Laws, 38 

Clause 1. Revenue Bills, 38. Clause 2. The President's Veto, Second Passage of a Bill, 
38. Clause 3. Other Resolutions besides Bills, 40. 

Section VIII. — Powers granted to Congress, 40 

Clause 1. Laying Taxes, 40. Clause 2. Borrowing Money, 40. Clause 3. Regulating 
Commerce, 40. Clause 4. Naturalization and Bankruptcy, 40. Clause 5. Coinage, 
Weights and Measures, 42. Clause 6. Punishment of Counterfeiting, 42. Clause 7. 
Post Office, 42. Clause 8. Copyrights and Patent Rights, 42. Clause 9. District Courts, 
42. Clause 10. Piracy, 42. Clause 11. Declaration of War, 42. Clause 12. The 
Army, 42. Clause 13. The Navy, 42. Clause 14. Rules for Army and Navy, 42. 
Clause 15. The Militia, 42. Clause 16. Organization of Militia, 44. Clause 17. Seat 
of Government, Dockyards, etc., 44. Clause 18. General Power, 44. 

Section IX. — Powers denied to the United States, 44 

Clause 1. Importation of Slaves, 44. Clause 2. Writs of Habeas Corpus, 44. Clause 3. 
Bills of Attainder, ex post facto laws, 46. Clause 4. Direct Taxes, 46. Clause 5. Ex- 
port Duties, 46. Clause 6. Forbidden Commercial Regulations, 46. Clause 7. The 
Treasury, 46. Clause 8. Titles of Nobility, etc., 46. 

Section X. — Powers denied to the States, 46 

Clause 1. Treaties, Coinage, etc., 46. Clause 2. Duties, 48. Clause 3. Army, Navy, 

etc., 48. 

ARTICLE II. 

executive depaktment. 

Section I. — President and Vice-President, 48 

Clause 1. Term of Service, etc., 48. Clause 2. Presidential Electors, 48. Clause 3. Mode 
of Choosing President and Vice-President, 50 ; Amendment, Article XII. , 52. 
Clause 4. Time of choosing Electors, 54. Clause 5. Qualifications for the Presi- 
dency, 54. Clause 6. Vacancy in Presidency, 56. Clause 7. Compensation of the 
President, 56. Clause 8. Oath of Office, 56. 

Section II. — Powers of the President, 56 

Clause 1. Commander-in-Chief, Pardoning Power, etc., 56. Clause 2. Treaties, Appoint- 
jnent of Officers, etc., 58. Clause 3. Power to fill Vacancies, 58. 

Section III. — Duties of the President, 58 

Messages to Congress, Extra Sessions, Adjournment, etc., 58. 

Section IV. — Impeachment of Hie President, etc., 60 

The Officers liable to Impeachment, 60. 



CONTENTS. 



ARTICLE HI. 

JUDICIAL GOVERNMENT. PAGE 

Section I. — Untied States Courts, 60 

Supreme Courts, District Courts, Tenure of Office, 60. 
Section II. — Jurisdiction of the United States Courts, 60 

Clause 1. Extent of Jurisdiction, 60. Clause 2. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, 62. 
Clause 3. Mode and Place of Trial, 63. 

Section III. — Ti-eason, 62 

Clause 1. Definition of Treason, 62. Clause 2. Proof of Treason, 62. Clause 3. Pun- 
ishment of Treason, 62. 

ARTICLE IV. 

GENERAL PROVISIONS. 

Section I. — State Becords, 64 

Credit of State Records, 64. 

Section II. — Privileges of Citisens, etc., 64 

Clause 1. Rights of Citizenship, 64. Clause 2. Restoration of Criminals, 64. Clause 3. 
Restoration of Slaves, 64. 

Section III. — Neto States and Territories, 64 

Clause 1. Admission of New States, 64. Clause 2. Government of Territories, 64. 

Section IV. — Guarantee to the States, 66 

Guarantee of Republican Government, Protection against Invasion, etc. , 66. 

ARTICLE V, 

POWER OP AMENDMKNT. 

Necessity of such a Power, Mode of Making Amendments, Limitation to the Power of 
Amendment, 66. 

ARTICLE VI. 

miscellaneous provisions. 

Clause 1. Assumption by the United States of the Debts of the Confederation, 68. 
Clause 2. Supremacy of the Constitution, Laws and Treaties of the United States, 
68. Clause 3. Oath of Office, Religious Tests, 68. 

ARTICLE VII. 

ratification of THE CONSTITUTION. 

Mode of Ratifying the Constitution, 68. 



10 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, 70 

Article I. — Freedom of Religion, etc., 76 

Freedom of Religion, of Speech, and of the Press, 76. 
Article II. — Eirjht to bear Arms, 76 

Right to bear Arms, 76. 

Article III. — Quartering Soldiers on Citizens, 76 

Article IV. — Search Wairants, 76 

The Right to be Free from Unreasonable Searches, 76. 
Article V. — Trial for Crimes, etc., 78 

The Grand Jury, Mode of making Indictments, Courts-martial, 78. 
Article VI. — Rights of Accused Persons, 78 

Right of Trial by Jury, etc., 78. 
Artici-e VII. — Suits at Common Law, 78 

Right of Trial by Jury in Civil Suits, 78. 
Article VIII. — E.tcessive Bail, . . . . . . . . . . .80 

Origin of this Article, 81. 
Articles IX. and X. , 80 

Mode of Construing the Constitution, 80. 
Article XL, 80 

Limitation of Judicial Power, 80. 
Article XII., 52 

Mode of Electing President and Vice-President, 53. 

Article XIIL, 80 

Section 1. Slavery and Involuntary Servitude, 80. Section 2. Enforcing Power of 
Congress, 80. 
Article XIV., 80 

Section 1. Equal Privileges and Rights of the Citizens of the United States, 80. 
Section 2. Denial of Right to Vote entailing Reduced Representation, 82. Sec- 
tion 3. Disabilities of Rebels, 82. Section 4. Public Debts, Valid and Void, 84. 
Section 5. Enforcing Power of Congress, 84. 

Article XV., 84 

Section 1. Rights of the Citizens to Vote, 84. Section 2. Enforcing Power of Con- 
gress, 84. 

APPENDIX, 86 

Table A. — Rank and Representation of the United States, 86 

Table B. — Qualifications of President, Vice-President, Senator and Representative, . 86 

Table C. — List of the Presidents, 86 

Tabled. — Historical Table of United States and Territories, 87 

Table E.— Abolition of Slavery, 87 

Notes, 88 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDEICE. 



LA DECLARATION D'INDEPENDAiNCE. ^declaration of 

INDEPENDENCE. 

DilCLARATION DE3 REPR^SENTANTS DES ]fcTATS-TJNI3 

D'AM^RIQTJE, ASSEMBLES EN C0NGR1:S. ^ BECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTA- 

TIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OP 
AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 



FRENCH. i ENGLISH. 

LoRSQUE, dans le cours des evenements hnmains, When, in the course of human 

il devient necessaire pour iin peuple de rompre events, it becomes necessary for 

, ,. ,... • 11 ii I • >_ ' i . one people to dissolve the political 

es liens pohtiques qm lattachaient a un autre, et , / ,., . /■, ,, 

i ^ -i ^ ' bands which have connected them 

de prendre, parini les puissances de la terre, le withanother, and to assume, among 

rang egal et separe auquel lui donnent droit the powers of the earth, the sepa- 

les lois de la nature et du Dieu de la nature, rate and equal station to which the 

, A. ^ M ^'^' J 1 • laws of nature and of nature's God 

un luste respect pour ropinion du genre numain ^.,, ,^ , , 

•' r r i o ^ entitle them, a decent respect to 

I'obligo a declarer les causes qui le poussent a cette the opinions of mankind requires 

separation. that they should declare the causes 

which impel them to the separa- 
tion. 

Nous tenons ces v^rites pour evidentes-que ^^ ^^^^^ ,^^^^^ truths to be self- 
tons les homines SOnt crees egaUX ; qu'ils sont evident— that all men are created 

doues par leur Createur de certains droits in- equal ; that they are endowed by 

alienables ; que parmi cenx-ci sont la vie, la "^^''" ^^^'^'^^"^ ^^^'^ ^"*^^" ^"^^^^"• 

,., ^, , ',111 r\ able rights; that among these are 

hbertc et la ponrsuite du bonhenr. Que, pour j.^^^ ij^^^^^^ ^„^ ^^^^ p^^^^.^ ^^ 

assurer cea droits, des gouvernements sont insti- happiness. That, to secure these 

tuea parmi les hoinmes, tirant leura legitimes nglits, governments are instituted 

pouvoirs du conaentement des gouvernes ; que, ^^""^s men, deriving their just 

^ . 1 p . , ,. 1 , powers from the consent of the 

toutes les roia qu une torme quelconque de ffou- ^ j *, * i „*„,^ 

^^ ^ "1 » governed ; that, whenever any lorm 

vernement devient destructive de cea fins, c'est le of government becomes destructive 

droit du peuple de la changer ou de I'abolir, et of these ends, it is the right of the 



DIE UMBHANGIGKEITSERKLARUNG. 



NOTES. 



EINB ERKLARUNG DER IM CONGRESS VERSAMMELTEN VER- 
TRETER DER VEREINIttTEN STAATEN VON AMERIKA. 



HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND GRAM- 
MATICAL. 



GERMAN. 

Wenn es im Lauf e der Ereignisse einem Yolke 
notig ersclieint, die politischen Bande, welclie es 
bislier init einem andereu verkniipft haben, zu 
loseii nnd unter den Machten der Erde die selbst- 
standige und gleiche Stellung einzunehmen, zu 
welcber es durch die Gesetze der Natur und 
Gottes berecbtigt ist, so verJangt die gebiihrende 
Acbtung vor der Meinung der Mitmenschen, dass 
es die Griinde angiebt, welcbe es zu dieser Tren-( 
nuiig veranlasst haben. 

Wir balten die folgenden Grundsatze fiir un- 
umstosslich — dass alle Menscben gleicb geboren 
sind ; dass sie voni Schopfer niit gewissen un- 
verausserlicben Recbten ausgestattet sind und dass 
Leben, Freibeit und das Streben nacb Gliick zu 
diesen Recbten geboren ; dass, um diese Eecbte 
zu sicliern, die Yolker Regierungen eingesetzt 
haben, welcbe ibre Macht von der Zustininiung 
der Regiei'ten erhalten ; dass, wenn irgend welclie 
Handlungen der Regierung diese Grundsatze 
scbadigen, es das Recbt der Yolker ist, dieselbe 



N.B. — The vacant spaces in this column 
can be filled with newspaper clippings 
and miscellaneous notes by the student. 

Prior to the Revolution in the 
British colonies, which afterwards 
constituted the United States of 
America, there existed three forms 
of colonial government, Provincial 
or Royal, Charter and Proprietary. 

Provincial or Royal governments 
were those under the immediate 
control of the sovereign of Great 
Britain. New Hampshire, New 
York, New Jersey, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina and Geor- 
gia were under Provincial govern- 
ments. 

Charter governments were those 
under the immediate control of 
the sovereign, but having political 
rights secured by charter. Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode 
Island were under Charter govern- 
ments. 

Proprietary governments were 
those under the immediate con- 
trol of Proprietaries, who received 
grants in letters patent from the sov- 
ereign. Pennsylvania, Delaware 



14 DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

d'instituer im nouveau gouvernement, qui eta- people to alter or abolish it, and to 

blisse ses f ondations sur des principes, et organise ^^'"^"^^ '"^ "*^^ government, la.ving 

. , , its foundations on such principles, 

ses pouvoirs sous uue forme qui semblent au peu- ^^^^ organizing its powers in such 

pie les plus propres a assurer sa securite et son form, as to them shall seem most 

bonhenr. La prudence, il est vrai, defend de likely to efEect their safety and 

changer des gonvernements longtenips etablis li^ppiness. Prudence, indeed, will 

, 1 / r • • . dictate that governments long es- 

pour des causes legeres et transiton-es ;^ et, en ^^^,.^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ 

consequence, toutes les experiences ont deinontre for light and transient causes ; and, 

que le genre humain est plus dispose a SOuffrir, accordingly, all experience hath 

tant que les niaux sont suppoi-tables, que de les ^^^^'^ ^^^^ mankind are more dis- 

1 1 T , 1 f n M posed to suffer, while evils are suf- 

redresser en abolissant les tonnes auxquelJes il ^ ,, ,, . ■■,..-. , 

lerable, than to right themselves 

est accoutume. Mais, quand une longne suite by abolishing the forms to which 

d'abus et d'usurpations visant toujours au menie they are accustomed. But when a 

but, montre le dessein de soumettre les homines lo^^S train of abuses and usurpa- 

^ .. 1 1 •! J. ^ J 'J. '1 L tions, pursuing invariably the same 

a uu despotisme absolu, ils ont ie droit, ils ont , . ' . n ■ \ 

'' ' object, evinces a design to reduce 

le devoir de renverser un pareil gouvernement, them under absolute despotism, it 

et de clierclier de nouvelles sauvegardes pour leur is their right, it is their duty, to 

future securite. Telle a ete la longue patience throw off such government, and to 

1 !• i.in i. • t. 4. ^ ' provide new guards for their future 

de ces colonies, et telle est maintenant la no- ., ^ , , , 

security. Such has been the patient 

cessite qui les force a changer leurs sjstemes sufferance of these colonies, and 

anterieurs de gouvernement. L'histoire du roi such is now the necessity which 

actuel de la Grande-Bretagne est une histoire de constrains them to alter their for- 

tortS repetes et d'usurpations, ayant tons pour "^er systems of government^ The 

^ ' history or the present king of Great 

ob]et direct 1 etablissement d'une tvrannie ab- Britain is a history of repeated in- 

solue sur ces Etats. En preuve de ceci, SOUmet- juries and usurpations, all having 

tons les faits a la sincere appreciation du genre i^ direct object the establishment 

lininain • ^^ ^^ absolute tyranny over these 

States. To prove this, let facts be 
submitted to a candid world. 

1. II a refuse son assentiment aux lois les plus l. He has refused his assent to 
Salutaires et les plus necessaires au bien public. laws the most wholesome and nec- 
essary for the public good. 

2. II a defendu a ses gouverneurs de faire des 2. He has forbidden his govern- 
lois d'une impoi'tance immediate et pressante, a ors to pass laws of immediate and 
moins d'en suspendre I'application jusqu'a ce que Pressing importance, unless sus- 

,• J. -^i. 'i.' 1 . i in pended in tlieir operations till his 

son assentiment eut ete obtenu : et, quand elles x,-,jiwj 

, , ' ' ^ assent should be obtained ; and, 

ont ete ainsi suspendues, il a completement ne- when so suspended, he has utterly 

glige de s'en OCCUper. neglected tg attend to them. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDEJS^CE. 



15 



GERMAN. 

zu andern oder abznscliaffen und eine neue Re- 
gierung einzusetzen, welclie diese Gniudsatze fest 
halt und ilire Gewalt in soldier Weise ausiibt, die 
am geeignetsteu ersclieint, die Siclierlieit mid 
das Gliick des Volkes zn bewirken. Die Klug- 
lieit wird in der That fordern, dass lange besteh- 
ende Regierungen iiiclit wegen mibedeutender, 
fliiclitiger Griinde gewechselt werden sollten imd 
in Folge davon hat die Erfahrung gezeigt, dass 
die Menschen eher geneigt sind zn leiden, so lange 
die IJbel ertraglich sind, ,als sicli selbst zu helfen 
dadurch dass sie die gewolmte Regierungsform 
abschaffen. Aber wenn eine lange Reihe vonMiss- 
handlangeu und Anmassungen desselben Char- 
aktei's die Absicht zum tJbergang in Despotis- 
mus klar erscheinen lassen, ist es ihr Recht, ihre 
Pflicht, solclie Regierung abzuschiitteln und f iir 
neuen Schutz ihrer ferneren Siclierlieit zu sorgen. 
In dieser Art haben diese Colon ien lange gednl- 
dig gelitten und deslialb sehen sie sich jetzt ge- 
zwungen ihre bisherige Regierungsform zu an- 
dern. Die Geschichte des jetzigen Ivonigs von 
Grossbritannien ist eine Geschichte von wieder- 
liolten Unbilden und Anmassungen, alle darauf 
hinzielend, eine absolute Tja'annei iiber diese 
Staaten auszuiiben. LTm dies zu beweisen, M'ollen 
wir der unparteiischen Welt die folgenden Tliat- 
sachen vorlegen. 

1. Er hat seine Zustimmung zu Gesetzen, 
welche fiir das offentliche Wolil selir heilsam 
und notig waren, verweigert. 

2. Er hat seinen Gouverneuren verboten, sehr 
dringliche Gesetze einzufiihren, bis seine Zustim- 
mung erfolgt ware, und hat die so suspendierten 
Gesetze nachher vollig unberiicksichtigt gelassen. 



NOTES. 

and Maryland were under Proprie- 
tary governments. 

The first Continental Congress 
was composed of delegates from the 
above-mentioned Thirteen Colonies. 
They were called together in Sep- 
tember, 1774. They prepared the 
Bill of Rights. The second Conti- 
nental Congress met in May, 1775. 
They declared the United Colonies 
independent. The Declaration of 
Independence was drawn up by 
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, 
Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sher- 
man and Robert Livingstone. 

The Declaration of Independence 
was adopted July 4, 1776, at which 
date the Continental Congress as- 
sumed to be the National Govern- 
ment for the above - mentioned 
Thirteen American Colonies of 
Great Britain. 

The Continental Congress con- 
tinued to be the National Gov- 
ernment until March, 1781, when 
the Articles of Confederation were 
adopted. 



The Articles of Confederation 
were superseded theoretically in 
September, 1788, by the present 
Constitution of the United States, 
which Constitution did not go into 
actual operation until March 4, 
1789. 

The Continental Congress ema- 
nated from the people of the sev- 
eral Colonies, the Articles of Con- 
federation from the States, and the 
Constitution of the United States 
from the people. 



16 DECLARATION OF mDEPE]S^DENCE. 

FKENCH. ENGLISH. 

3. II a refuse de faire d'autres lois a I'avantage 3. He has refused to pass other 

, , ^■ ^ • . y • 1 ij laws for the accommodation of large 

de vastes districts, a luoiiis que le peuple de ces ,_ . ^ „ , , ,, 

' . , . distnctsof people, unless those peo- 

districts n'abandounat sou droit de representation pj^ ^,ould relinquish the right of 
a la Legislature — droit inestimable pour le peuple, representation in the Legislature —a 
et redoutable aUX seuls tyrans. "S^^t inestimable to them, and for- 

midable to tyrants only. 



4. II a rassemble des corps legislatifs en des 4. He has called together legis- 
endroits insolites, incommodes, eloignes du lieu lative bodies at places unusual, un- 

° comfortable, and distant from the 

de depot de leurs archives publiques, dans le seul repository of their public records, 

but de les ameuer par la lassitude a se preter a for the sole purpose of fatiguing 

ses mesures. them into compliance with his 

measures. 

5. II a frequemment dissous les cliambres re- 5- He has dissolved representa- 

presentatives parce qu'elles s'opposaient, avec une *^^« ^°"^^^ repeatedly, for oppos- 

*^,.,„ , ^ ., , ,. ing, with manly firmness, his inva- 

Virile fermete, a ses empietenients sur les droits ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^ ^^ ^^^ p^^p^^^ 

du peuple. 

6. II a refuse, pendant longtemps apres ces 6. He has refused, for a long time 
dissolutions, de proceder a de nouvelles elections; after such dissolutions, to cause 

n ., 1, . J ' ^ ' • 1 ,'r others to be elected, whereby the 

ce qui a lait que lexercice des pouvoirs lesrislatirs, , . , ,. . ^i ^^ 

^ ^ r » 5 legislative powers, incapable of an- 

ne pouvant s'annihilcr, est revenu au peuple tout nihiiation, have returned to the 

entier ; I'Etat restant, dans I'intervalle, expose a people at large for their exercise ; 

tons les dangers des invasions du dehors, et des *^^^ ^'^*® remaining, in the meau- 

T . 1 J J time, exposed to all the dangers of 

convulsions du dedans. ■ ■ , .., . j 

invasions from without, and con- 
vulsions within. 

7. II s'est efforce d'eiripecher ces EtatS de se 7. He has endeavored to prevent 

peupler; entravant dans ce but les lois pour la the population of these states ; for 

naturalisation des etrangers; refusant d'en faire *^^* P^^'P^"^ obstructing the laws 

,, , , ... for the naturalization of foreigners ; 

d autres pour eiicourager leur migration en ce ^ . , ., * 

^ 00 refusing to pass others to encourage 

pays, et elevant les conditions pour les nouvelles their migration hither, and raising 

appropriations des terres. the conditions of new appropria- 



tions of lands. 



8. II a entrave I'administration de la justice, en 8. He has obstructed the admin- 
ref usant sa sanction a des lois destinees a etablir i^tration of justice, by refusing iiis 

, ...... assent to laws for establishing lu- 

les pouvoirs ludiciaires. ,. . 

^ J diciary powers. 

9. II a rendu les juges dependants de sa seule 9. He has made judges depend- 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 17 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

3. Er hat sich geweigert andere Gesetze einzu- In the Declaration of Indepen- 

MT 1 n.. 1 -rrr 11 T\' i. '^4-^ dcjice the revolting Colonies were 

iren, welclie fur das Wolil grosser Districte „ ^ xv tt •* ^ c* * * 

' ° first called the United States or 

notig waren, es sei denn, dass deren Bevolkerung America. 

ihr Recht anf Yertretung in der gesetzgebenden On June 11, 1776, the same day 

Yersammlung aufgabe,— ein Recht, das ilir heilig on which a committee was ap- 

ist und das nur Tyrannen gefahrlich ersclieineu P°;"*f ^5 Congress for preparing 

*' ° a Declaration of Independence, it 

Rann. ^jjg resolved to appoint another 

4. Er liat gesetzgebende Korperschaften an committee to prepare and digest 
Orte zusammen berufen, welche abgelegen und t^ie ^orm of a Confederation to be 

r J A -cu 1 i. 1 ^cc „4-T entered into between the Colonies, 

tern von dem Atitbewatirungsorte der ottentli- ^, . . ^ , ^^^, ^ , 

° A 1 • 1 ^^^^ committee, on July 12th fol- 

chen Lrknnden waren, in der alleinigen Absicht, lowing, reported a plan of a Con- 
die Yolksvertreter durch die damit verkniipften federacy. 
Unistande seinern Willen gefiigig zu inachen. This draft, after debate, was 

5. Er hat Yolksvertretungen wiederholt auf- ^""^l^ ^^'"^'tt^^ ^""S'""'"' ^"' 

^ . . vember 15, 1777. 

gelost, well sie mit mannhcher Festigkeit seine Tj^^g^ Articles of Confederation 

Eingriffe in die Yolksrechte zuriickwiesen. were ratified in July, 1778, by the 

delegates from all the States, ex- 
. A J3" cepting New Jersey, Delaware and 

6. Er hat lange Zeit nach solchen Auflosungen Maryland. They were subsequent- 

iiene Wahlen nieht zngelassen, so dass die Yolks- ij signed on the part of New Jer- 

vertreter ihre Rechte nicht ausiiben konnten, sey, November 25, 1778, and were 

und ihren Wahlern ihr Mandat zuriickgeben ^^^^^^^^ «" ^^^ P=^^*^ ^^ Delaware, 

... , ,, ry .^ J c^ ^ 11 February 22, 1779. The delegates 

mussten, wahrend welcher Zeit der Staat alien ^^^^ Maryland did not sign until 

Gefahren von Aussen und Unruhen im Innern March l, 1781, and, on the second 
ausgesetzt war. day of March, 1781, Congress as- 

sembled under the Confederation. 
The government of the United 

7. Er hat versucht, die Colotlisation dieser states has passed through the three 
Staaten zu verhindern und, zn diesem Zweck, following forms: Revolutionary, 
die Gesetze f iir die Naturalisation der Fremden Confederate and Constitutional. 

, , , ^ , , ^ r^ ^ Thi9 Revolutionary Government 

erschwert ; er hat verweio-ert, andere Gesetze, . a a t *t, t-^ f *v. 
' n ' ' extended from the time or the 

welche die Einwandorung und den Erwerb von meeting of the first Continental 

Grundeigentum crleiehtern solltcn, einzufiihren. Congress, March 5, 1774, to the 

final ratification of the Articles of 

Confederation, March 1, 1781. 

8. Er hat die Justizverwaltung erschwert, in- Tj^g Confederate Government 
dem er seine Zustirnmung zu Gesetzen verwei- extended from the ratification of 
gerte, welche die Einsetzung von Gerichtsbehor- the Articles of Confederation, to 

1 1 u 'c-i Hi- the time when the Constitution 

den herbeiruhren sollten. ... .. -^^ ^. a 

went into operation, March 4, 

9. Er hat die Richter von seinem alleinigen 1789. 



18 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

volonte pour la conservation de leiirs sieges, et la ent on his will aloue for the tenure 
qnotite et le paiement de leurs salaires. «^ "^'''' °®'^'' ^""^ "'^ '''°'°""* *"*^ 

payment of their salaries. 

10. II a cree quantite de nonveaiix emplois, et l^- ^e has erected a multitude 

, . . J . J r ,• • of new offices, and sent hither 

envoye ici des essaims de lonctionnaires ponr i. ^ . , 

'' ' swarms of officers to harass our peo- 

opprimer notre penple et devorer sa substance. pie and eat out their substance. 

11. II a maintenu au milieu de nous, en temps H- He has kept among us in 
de paix, des armces permanentes, sans le con- *^°^"' ^^ P^^^^' ^^""•^'"^ ^'"^'"'^ 

-r f > I Without the consent of our Legis- 

sentement de nos Legislatures. latures 

12. II a affectc de rendre le pouvoir militaire 13. He has affected to render the 
independant du pouvoir civil, et superieur a "^^li^ary independent of, and su- 

, . . perior to, the civil power. 

celui-ci. 

13. II s'est joint a d'autres pour nous soumettre ^^- ^e has combined with others 

•J- i.' 'i. ' < .•. .• i. to subject us to a iurisdiction for- 

a une lundiction etrangere a nos constitutions, et . •' . . , 

•' T • 1 ®'S^^ ^*^ ^^^ constitutions, and nn- 

non reconnue par nos lois ; donnant son assenti- acknowledged by our laws -, giving 

ment a leurs actes de soi-disant legislation : — his assent to their acts of pretended 

legislation: — 

Pour avoir Cantonne parmi nous des corps For quartering large bodies of 

nombreux de troupes en armes ; *'"™^'i t»'°ops among us ; 

Pour les avoir proteges, par nn semblant de ^Q'" protecting them, by a mock 
iugement, contre le chatiment des meurtres qu'ils *"^^' ^''"'^ punishment for any 

. 1,1. V-, murders which they should com- 

commettraient sur les habitants de ces Etats; ^^^ ^^ tl,, inhabitants of these 

States ; 

Pour avoir suppritne notre commerce avec ^^^ cutting off our trade with all 
itoutes les parties du monde ; P^""*" °^ "^^ ^"'^l*^ •' 

Pour nous avoir impose des taxes sans notre ^^^ imposing taxes on us with- 
consentement; out our consent ; 

Pour nous avoir prives, en bien des cas, du For depriving us, in many cases, 

1 ' »/2 ji • , • of the benefits of a trial by jury ; 

'benence d un jugement par jury; •' •' ■^ 

Pour nous avoir transportes au-dela des mers, For transporting us beyond seas, 
afin d'y etre juges .pourde pretendus delits ; ^^ ^® ^^^^^ ^or pretended offences -. 

Pour avoir aboH le libre systerae des lois an- ^°'' abolishing the free system 

1 . I . . . /, 1 ,. of English laws in a neighbor- 

glaises dans une provmce voisme, y etablissant i^g province, establishing therein 
un gouvernement arbitraire, et en etendant les an arbitrary government, and en- 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



19 



GERMAN. 

Willen ablisingig gemacht, sowolil in Bezng anf 
ilire Stelluno'sbedino-uncren wie auf die Ilohe mid 
Bezahlung ihres Gehalts. 

10. Er hat eine Menge von nenen Amtern 
oeschaffen und elne Meno^e von Beamten liersre- 
saudt, um unser Yolk zu plagen und auszusau- 
gen. 

11. Er hat in Friedenszeiten in iinserer Mitte 
ein Ileer ohne die Zustimniung der Yolks ver- 
tretuno;en gehalten. 

12. Er hat danach getrachtet, das Militair un- 
abhangig von den Civilbehorden und selbst iiber 
dieselben zu stellen. 

13. Er hat sich mit Anderen verbunden, uns 
zur Unterwerfung unter eine Gerichtsbarkeit zu 
zwingen, welche mit unseren Coiistitutionen und 
unseren Gesetzen im Widersprnch steht und hat 
ihre Erlasse vorgeblicher Gesetzgebung besta- 
tigt :— 

Betreffs Einquartierung grosser bewaffneter 
Truppenkorper in unserer Mitte ; 

Betreffs Beschiitzung dieser Truppen vor Be- 
strafung fiir an den Bewohnern dieser Staaten 
begangene Morde durch Scheinverhore ; 



NOTES. 

The Constitutional Government 
is that which has existed from 
March 4, 1789, to the present 
time. 

The Constitutional Convention 
directed the new Constitution to 
be laid before Congress, and pro- 
posed that it should afterwards be 
submitted to a convention of dele- 
gates, chosen in each State by the 
people thereof under a recommen- 
dation of its Legislature, for their 
assent and ratification ; also, that 
as soon as nine States had thus 
ratified it, Congress should take 
measures for the election of a 
President, and fix the time and 
place for commencing proceedings 
under it. Congress transmitted the 
plan of the Constitution and the 
letter of the Convention to the sev- 
eral legislatures of the States, on 
September 28, 1787, in order to be 
submitted to a convention of dele- 
gates chosen in each State by the 
people thereof. 



Betreffs Abschneidung unseres Handels mit 
alien Weltteilen ; 

Betreffs Einfiihrung von Abgaben ohne unsere 
Zustimmung ; 

Betreffs hiiufiger Yerweigerung des Yorteils 
eines Geschwornengerichts ; 

Betreffs tlberfiihrung unserer Leute iiber das 
Meer, um dort wegen vorgeblicher Yerbreehen 
vor Gerieht gestellt zu werden ; 

Betreffs Abschaffung des freien englischen 
Rechtssystems in einer benachbarten Provinz, 
und Einsetzung einer willkiirlichen Regierung 



Conventions assembled in the 
different States, in 1787 and 1788. 
and the new system was at last 
adopted, though with much oppo- 
sition. On September 17, 1788, 
Congress, having received ratifica- 
tion of the Constitution from the 
conventions of all the States ex- 
cept North Carolina and Rhode 
Island, resolved that January 7, 



20 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

FKENCH. ENGLISH. 

liiiiites, de maniere a en faire a la fois nn exeraple lagging its boundaries, so as to ren- 

, . , , J ' i. J • ^ der it at once an example and fit in- 

et un mstrumeiit commode pour mtroduire la ,.:,., 

'■ strument for introducing the same 

meme regie absolue dans ces colonies ; absolute rule into these colonies ; 

Pour nous avoir tie nos chartes, en abolissant For taking away our charters, 

nos lois les plus precieuses, et en alterant dans leur al^oiishing our most valuable laws, 

1 ^ ^ £ j„ „<. and alterine, fundamentally, the 

base meme les rormes de nos ffouvernements ; ^ . 

° forms of our governments ; 

Pour avoir suspendu nos Legislatures, et s'etre ^or suspending our own Legis- 

declare investi du pouvoir de legiferer pour nous ^^*'^''^' ^""^ declaring themselves 

t , I invested with power to legislate for 

dans tons les cas quelconques. ^^ .^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ whatsoever. 



14. II a abdique da gouvernement de ce pays, 14. He has abdicated government 
en nous declarant en dehors de sa protection,"' et I'!.'t^^„,^fi^;!"f."l?!!f:*!^^^ 
en nous faisant la guerre. 



tection and waging war against us. 



15. II a pille nos mers, ravage nos cotes, brulc l^- He has plundered our seas, 
nos villes, et detruit les existences de notre pen- ''"^"sed our coasts bumed our 

'■ towns and destroyed the lives of 

P^' our people. 

16. II transporte en ce moment meme de noni- 16. He is at this time transport- 
breuses armees de mercenaires etraiigers pour "^= ^^^S'^ armies of foreign merce- 

1 ■,, J i.ji'1.' .1. naries to complete the works of 

achever loeuvre de mort, de desolation et de ty- ■,,,■,,,. , ^ 

' '' death, desolation and tyranny, al- 

rannie, deja commencee avec des circonstances de ready begun with circumstances of 

cruaute et de perfidie a peine egalees dans les cruelty and perfidy scarcely parai- 

ages les plus barbares, et absolument indignes du l«^«<l "^ t^^e ™ost barbarous ages, 

1 ». J, ,. ..-,., and totally unworthy the head of a 

chet d une nation civil isee. . .,. ^ x. 

civilized nation. • 

17. II a force nos concitoyens, faits prisonniers I''- He has constrained our fel- 
en pleine mer, a porter les armes contre leur l«^-«^itizens, taken captive on the 

, , .11 11 . 1 1^%^^ seas, to bear arms against their 

patne, a devenir les bourreaux de leurs amis et de country,to become the executioners 

leurs freres, ou a tomber eux-memes par les mains of their friends and brethren, or to 

de ceux-ci. fall themselves by their hands. 

18. II a provoque parmi nous une insurrection 18- He has excited domestic in- 

domestique, et s'est efforce d'attirer sur les habi- «""«««o° a™«"g "«- ^nd l^^s en- 

, „ ., T T deavored to bring on the inhabi- 

tants de nos frontieres les Indiens, ces sauvages tants of our frontiers the merciless 

sans pitie, dont le code de guerre, on le sait, con- Indian savages, whose known rule 



DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 21 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

daselbst, und Vergrosserung der Grenzen der- 1789, should be the day for ap- 

selben, urn sie zum Yorbilde iind passenden P«^"*"^s ^^^^^^"^^ "^ *^^^ ^^^^"-^^ 

1.111 States which may have ratified 

Werkzeuge zur Einfuhrung gleich absoluter t,^^ Constitution before that day ; 

HeiTschaf t in unseren Colonien zu machen ; that February 4th should be the 

Betreffs Entziehung unserer Grundrechte, «^^-^ ^«'" ^^e Electors to assemble 

. , , rr 11 , i-i . 1 ^"d vote for a President ; and that 

Abschaffung unserer wertvollsten Gesetze und the following March 4th should be 

Anderung unserer Eegierungsform von Grund the time for commencing opera- 

aus : tions under the Constitution, at 

•r, , rr K i\.. tt ii . - New York, then the seat of gov- 

iietretts Aunosunof unserer Volksvertretun- . 

» ernment. 

gen und der Erklarung, niit JVIacht bekleidet Accordingly, elections were held 

zu sein, Gesetze f iir uns in alien Fallen zu er- in the several States for Electors ; 

lassen ^"'^ *^® Electors thus appointed 

met and voted for President and 

14. Er hat seine Eegierung liier niederge- vice-President. There were si xty- 
legt, dadurch dass er uns f iir ausserlialb seines nine electoral votes cast, of whicli 
Schutzes stehend erklart, und Krieg gegen uns ^^orge Washington received the 
1 1 , whole number, and was therefore 
begonnen hat. . , ,' , „ j x 

° unanimously elected President. 

15. Er hat unsere Meere gepliindert, unsere John Adams received thirty- 
Iviisten beraubt, unsere Stadte verbrannt und four, the next greatest number of 

1 TV nr-i-u-- • 1 i. i. votes, and was therefore elected 

das Leben unserer Mitburger verniehtet. ,,. ' . , 

" Vice-President. 

16. Er sendet eben jetzt grosse Armeen frem- The States, having also elected 

der Scildlinge hierher, urn das Werk des Todes, ^^'''' ^""^*«''' ^""^ Representa- 

^^ 1 m • 11 1 tives, the first Constitutional Con- 

der Verwiistung und Tvrannei zu voUenden ; g^ess, composed of representatives 

dies ist bereits niit einer Grausarakeit und Treu- from the eleven states which had 

losigkeit geschehen, die in den barbarischsten t^ien ratified the Constitution, as- 

Zeiten kaum ihres Gleichen linden und dam '"°^^^"^ ^" Wednesday, March 4, 

-,, , . ,,. . TkT • 11. 1789, and on that day the new 

Haupte einer civilisierten Nation vollig unwiir- constitution of the United states 

dig Bind. went into legal operation and pro- 

n-ri 1 , -iir..i .. ceedings were commenced under 

. Er hat unsere JMitburger erezwunffen, wenn ., . „ u i, 

° ^ » 5 it. A quorum of members, how- 

auf hoher See gefangen genonimen, gegen ilir ever, did not appear until April 

eigenes Land zu kampfen, die Henker ihrer Brii- 1st, and Congress then entered 

der und Freunde zu werden, oder selbst von upon the transaction of business. 

J TT" J ji ^^ On April 6th, the electoral votes 

deren Handen zu fallen. . j, . .-. 

were counted in the presence or 

18. Er hat Aufruhr unter uns veranlasst und the Senate and House of Repre- 

sich bemiiht die Grenzbewohner dem Schreeken ^entatives by the President of the 

- . Senate, elected for that purpose, 

der unbarmherzigen Indianer auszusetzen, deren ^„^ ^^^ ^^g^^^ appeared as above 

bekannte Kriegsweise in einer mitleidlosen stated. 



22 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



FRENCH. 

siste a tout exterminer, sans distinction d'age, de 
sexe on de condition. 

A cliaque pas nouveau vers ces abns de pouvoir, 
jions en avons demande le redressement dans les 
tennes les plus humbles ; on n'a repondu a nos 
])etitions rciterees que par de nouveaux torts. Un 
prince dont le caractere est ainsi marque par tons 
les actes qui font un tyran, est indigne de gou- 
verner un peuple libre. 

Nous n'avons pas non plus manque d'egards 
envers nos freres de la Grande-Bretagne. Nous 
les avons avertis, de temps a autre, des tentatives 
faites par leur Legislature pour etendre sur nous 
uiie juridiction injustifiable. Nous leur avons 
rappele les circonstances de notre emigration et 
(le notre ctablissement en ce pays. Nous avons 
fait appel a leur justice innee et a leur magna- 
iiimite, et nous les avons conjures, au nom des 
liens de notre commune parente, de desavouer ces 
usurpations, qui interrompraient inevitablement 
nos liens et nos rapports. lis out ete, eux aussi, 
eourds a la voix de la justice et du sang. Nous 
devons done ceder a la necessite qui exige notre 
separation, et les tenir comme nous tenons le 
reste du genre liumain — pour ennemis, en temps 
de guerre ; pour amis, en temps de paix. 

C'est pourquoi nous, representants des ^fitats- 
TJnis d'Amerique, assembles en Congres general, 
prenant le Juge Supreme de I'Univers a temoin 
de la droiture de nos intentions, publions et de- 
clarons solennellement, au nom et par I'autoritc 
du bon peuple de ces colonies, que les dites colo- 
nies unies sont, et doivent etre de plein droit, des 
Etats libres et independants ; qu'elles sont dega- 
gees de toute allegeance a la couronne britannique, 



ENGLISH. 

of warfare is an undistinguished 
destruction of all ages, sexes and 
conditions. 

In every stage of these oppres- 
sions we have petitioned for redress 
in the most humble terms ; our 
repeated petitions have been an- 
swered only by repeated injury. 
A prince whose character is thus 
marked by every act which may 
define a tyrant, is unfit to be the 
ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in our 
attentions to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time 
to time, of attempts by their Legis- 
lature to extend an unwarrantable 
jurisdiction over us. We have re- 
minded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their 
native justice and magnanimity, 
and we have conjured them by 
the ties of our common kindred 
to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably interrupt 
our connections and correspond- 
ence. They, too, have been deaf 
to the voice of justice and of 
consanguinity. We must, there- 
fore, acquiesce in the necessity 
which denounces our separation, 
and hold them as we hold the rest 
of mankind — enemies in war ; in 
peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives 
of the United States of America in 
general Congress assembled, ap- 
pealing to the Supreme Judge of 
the world for the rectitude of our 
intentions, do, in the name and by 
the authority of the good people of 
these colonies, solemnly publish 
and declare that these united col- 
onies are, and of right ought to be, 
free and independent States ; that 



DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 23 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

Vernichtnng von Personen jedes Alters und Ge- On Thursday, April 30th, George 
schlechtes besteht. Washington took the oath required 

by the Constitution, which was ad- 

Bei jeder Stufe dieser Verge waltigungen, ha- ministered to him by the Chan- 
ben wir um Abhulfe in den bescheidensten Aus- ^•^""^/,^ '^'\^'^'' ^.^ ^"^ T"'^' 

and delivered his inaugural ad- 

driicken gebeten und auf unsere Bitten nur ^ress. John Adams entered upon 
beleidigende Antworten erhalten. Ein Fiirst, his duties as President of the Sen- 
dessen Charakter derart einen Tyrannen ver- ^te on Tuesday, April 2lst. 

I ■■ 1 A. ' i. £■•■[' J TT I • £ • The ratification of North Caro- 

kundet, ist untaliifir, der lierrsciier eines ireien ,. , . , , ^ 

. ° lina was not received by Congress 

Volkes ZU seiU. ^^^t^ January, 1790, and tliat of 

Rhode Island not until June of 
Audi haben wir nicht verfehlt, die Aufmerk- the same year. In the meantime 
samkeit uuserer englischen Briider auf diese those states had been regarded as 
Missbrauche zu lenken. Wir haben sie von foreign states. 

rr •. rj •, ^ -jii. -\T 1 The following are the dates of 

Zeit zu Zeit vor den wiederlioiten Versuchen ^, ^.„ ^. °„ ^, _, ^.^ ^. 

the ratification of the Constitution 

gewarnt, ihre unerlaubte Gerichtsbarkeit iiber ^y each of the original thirteen 
uns auszuiiben. Wir haben ihren natiirlichen States: 

Rechtssinn und ihre Grossmut angerufen und 1- Delaware, December 7, 1787. 
• 11 • 1 • 1 r» J J • 3. Pennsylvania, December 12, 

Wir liaben sie bei den Banden der gemeinsamen -(707 

Yerwandtschaft beschworen, diese Anmassungen 3^ -^^^ Jersey, December 18, 

nicht gut zu heissen, da solche unvermeidlich 1787. 

ziiin Abbruche unserer Beziehungen f iihreu wiir- 4. Georgia, January 2, 1788. 

1 1 1 • 1 • p -\T i. ^\ • 5. Connecticut, January 9, 1788. 

den, doch sind sie aut unsere Vorstellungen in „ ,, , ' ,. / „ 

' _ _ ® 6. Massachusetts, February 6, 

Bezug auf Gerechtigkeit und Bhitsverwandtschaft j^gg^ 

taub geblieben. Wir sehen uns daher zu einer 7. Maryland, April 28, 1788. 

Trennung von ihnen gezwungen und miissen sie ^- South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 

wie die iibrige Menschheit — als Feinde im Krieg, ' ®^ ^^^^ ^^^' 

— ira Frieden als Freunde betrachten. 10. Virginia, June 26, 1788. 

11. New York, July 26, 1788. 

12. North Carolina, November 
Indem wir, als Yertreter der Yereinigten Staa- 21, 1789. 

ten von Araerika iin Congress versammelt, in 13. Rhode Island, May 39, 1790. 
Bezug auf die Gerechtigkeit unserer Absichten 
an den hochsten Richter der Welt appellieren, 
crkliiren wir im Namen und im Auftrage der 
Bevolkerung dieser Colonien hiermit feierlichst, 
dass diese Colonien jetzt von Rechtswegen freie 
und unabhangige Staaten sind, dass sie der eng- 
lischen Krone nicht mehr angehoren und dass 



24 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



FKENCH. 

et que tout lieu politique entre elles et l'£tat de 
la Grande-Bretagne est, et doit etre, complete- 
ment rompu, et que, en quality d'Etats libres et 
independants, elles ont plein pouvoir de declarer 
la guerre, de conclure la paix, de contracter des 
alliances, d'etablir un commerce, et de faire tons 
autres actes et toutes autres choses que les Etats 
independants ont le droit de faire. Et a Tappui 
de cette Declaration, avec une ferme confiance 
dans la protection de la divine Providence, nous 
engageons mutuellement les uns envers les autres, 
iiotre vie, notre fortune, et notre houneur sacre. 



La declaration ci-dessus fut, par ordre du Con- 
gres, grossoyee, et signee par les membres dont 
suivent les noms : 

JoHx Hancock. 



ENGLISH. 

they are absolved from all allegi- 
ance to the British crown, and that 
all political connection between 
them and the State of Great Bri- 
tain is, and ought to be, totally 
dissolved, and that, as free and in- 
dependent States, they have full 
power to levy war, conclude peace, 
contract alliances, establish com- 
merce, and do all other acts and 
things which independent States 
may of right do. And for the sup- 
port of this Declaration, with a firm 
reliance on the protection of Divine 
Providence, we mutually pledge to 
each other our lives, our fortunes, 
and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by 
order of Congress, engrossed, and 
signed by the following members: 

John Hancock. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

JOSIAH BABTLETT. 

William Whipple, 
Matthew Thoknton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Tbeat Paine, 
Elbbidoe Gebry. 

RHODE ISLAND. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellebt. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Roger Shebman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
OuvER Wolcott. 



NEW YORK. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Fbancis Lewis, 
Lewis Mobbis. 

NEW JERSEY. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Withebspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abbahah Clabk. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
RoBEBT Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Mobton, 
Geobge Clymer, 
James Smith, 



George Taylor, 
JAMB'S Wilson, 
George Ross. 

DELAWARE. 
C«f>AB Rodney, 
Geobge Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

MARYLAND. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Chables Cabboll, of Car- 
ToUton. 

VIRGINIA. 
Geobob Wythe, 
RicHABD Henby Lbk, 
Thomas Jkffebson, 



Benjamin Harbison, 
Thomas Nelsom, Jun., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Cabteb Bbaxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Hoopeb, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Edwabd RtrrLEOGE, 
Thomas Heyward, Jun., 
Thomas Lynch, Jun., 
Arthur Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
Geoboe Walton. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 25 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

alle politische Verbindung zwischen ihnen und 
Grossbritannien ganzlich aufgelost ist ; und dass 
sie ferner als freie, iinabbangige Staaten das 
voile Recbt baben, Krieg zu erklaren, Frieden 
zu scbliessen, Yertrage einzugeben, Handel zu 
eroffnen und alle sonstigen Scbritte zu tbun, zu 
denen unabbangige Staaten berecbtigt sind. Zur 
Aufrecbtbaltung dieser Erldarung, niit festem 
Yertrauen auf die gottliebe Yorsebung, ver- 
pflicbten wir uns gegenseitig mit unserem Le- 
ben, unserem Yermogen und unserem heiligen 
Ebrenwort. 



Die vorstebende Erklarung wurde durch Be- 
scbluss des Congresses ausgefertigt und von fol- 
genden Mitgliedern unterzeicbnet : 



John Hancock. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CONSTITUTION DES ETATS-UNIS. constitution 

OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

Nous, le peuple des fitats-Unis, afin de former We, the People of the United 

line union plus parfaite, d'etablir la justice, d'as- States, in order to form a more per- 

k, •^^'.' ' \i • n • < i fect union, establish justice, insure 

tranquillite interieure, de pourvoir a la , ,. : .„./ ' » 

^ ' f domestic tranquillity, provide for 

d(ifense commune, de donner I'essor au bien pn- the common defence, promote tlie 

blic, et de nous assurer a nous-memes et a llOS general welfare, and secure the 

descendants les bienfaits de la liberte, ordonnons tlessingsof liberty to ourselves and 

, /. IT 1 ' i. /-I 1 our posterity, do ordain and estab- 

et etablissons la presente Constitution pour les ,. , ^, . ^ 

^ ^ * lish this Constitution for the 

Etats- Unis d'Amerique. United states of America. 



ARTICLE I. — Departement Legislatif. article I.— Legislative Department. 

Section I. — Tons les pouvoirs legislatifs accor- Section I.— All legislative pow- 

desparles presentes seront remis a un Congres ers herein granted shall be vested 

, i^ TT- . . 1, oi / ^^ * Congress of the United States, 

des Etats-Ums, qui se composera d'un Senat et which shall consist of a Senate and 

d'une Chambre des RepresentantS. House of Representatives. 

Section II. — Paragraphe 1. La Cliambre des Section II. — Cla^ise l. The 

RepresentantS se composera de membres choisis H""^° ^^ Representatives shall be 

,11 , 1 1 T -fs . composedof members chosen every 

tons les deux ans par le peuple des divers Etats, ^..^^^ y,^, ^y the people of the 

et les electeurs de ehaque Etat devront avoir several states, and the electors in 

les qualites requises pour les electeurs du corps ®*^^^ ^*^*" ^^^^'^ ^^^"'^ ^^® qualifica- 

1 1 1 J 1 T ' • 1 i ji-ri^ i tions requisite for electors of the 

le plus nombreux de la Legislature d'Etat. , , , * ^i c* . 

^ =* most numerous branch of the State 

Legislature. 



VERFASSUNG DER VEREINIGTEN STAATEN. 



NOTES. 



GERMAN. 

WiR, die Burger der Vereinigten Staaten, in 
der Absicht, eine vollkominnere Union lierzn- 
stellen, Gereclitigkeit zu sdiaffen, innere Rube zu 
sicbern, fiir die Verteidigung zu sorgen, das all- 
genieine Wolil zu beforderu und die Segnungen 
der Freibeit uns und nnseren Xacbkonimen zu 
verschaffen, verordnen und bestimmen die fol- 
gende Verfassung fiir die Vereinigten Staaten 
von Araerika. 

ARTIEEL I Abteilung, die Gesetzgebeude Gewalt 

betrefiend. 

Section I. — Die Gesetzgebende Gewalt soil in 
die Hande eines Congresses der Vereinigten 
Staaten gelegt werden ; und dieser soil aus ei- 
nem Senate und einem Abgeordnetenbause be- 
steben. 

Section II. — Clansel 1. Das Abgeordneten- 
baus soil aiis Mitgliedern besteben, welcbe alle 
zwei Jalire von der Bevolkerung der verscbiede- 
iien Staaten gewablt werden ; und die Wabler 
jedes Staates iniissen dieselbe Befiibigung wie 
die Wabler des zablreiebsten Zweiges der Staats- 
legislatur besitzen. 



There are three great depart- 
ments of government : Legislative, 
Judicial and Executive. 

The Legislative enacts laws ', 
the Judicial interprets and ap- 
plies them ; the Executive en- 
forces them. 

The Constitution of the United 
States separates these three depart- 
ments, makes each one indepen- 
dent of the others and places them 
in different hands. Experience 
has shown that the separation of 
these powers is much more favor- 
able to liberty than is their union 
in the same body or person. 

The first article of the Consti- 
tution treats of the Legislative 
department ; the second, of the 
Executive ; and the third, of the 
Judicial. 

ARTICLE I — Section I. 

By the Articles of Confederation 
the Legislative consisted of only 
one body. 

In the Constitutional Convention 
all the States, except Pennsylva- 
nia, were in favor of dividing Con- 
gress into two distinct bodie.s. 

The advantages of vesting the 



30 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRENCH. 

Paragraphe 2. Nnl iie pourra etre Kepresen- 
tant, s'il n'a pas atteint I'age de vingt-cinq ans, et 
ete pendant sept ans citoyen des Etats-Unis, et 
s'il n'habite pas, an moment de son election, 
I'fitat dans leqnel il aura ete elu. 

Paragraj)he 3. Les Representants et les con- 
tributions directes devront etre repartis entre les 
difterents Etats qui pourront faire partie de 
I'Union, d'apres le nombre de leurs habitants res- 
pectifs, lequel sera determine en ajoutant an nom- 
bre total des personnes libres, y compris celles qni 
sont tennes a un service pendant une certaine pe- 
riode d'annees, et non compi'is les Indiens non 
iinposes, les trois cinqtdeines de toutes attires jper- 
sonncs. Le denombrement reel en sera fait dans 
les trois ans qui suivront la premiere reunion du 
Congres des fitats-Unis, et subsequemment tons 
les dix ans, en la maniere qui sera prescrite par 
la loi. Le nomhre des Representants ne devrapas 
depasser un par trente inille^ mais chaqne tltat 
aura au moins un Representant ^ et en attendant 
que ce denomhrement soil fait, V^tat du New 
Hampshire aura droit d en choisir trois,' le 
Mojssachusetts, huit / le Rhode Island et les 
Plantations de Providence, un ; le Connecticut, 
cinq ; le Neio York, six / le New Jersey, quatre ; 
la Pennsylvanie, huit j le Delaware, un j le 
Maryland, six; la Virginie, dix; la Caroline 
du Nord, cinq / la Caroline du Sud, cinq / et la 
Georgie, trois. 

Paragraphe 4. Quand il se produira des va- 
cances dans la representation d'un ]&tat, les au- 
torites executives de cet Etat convoqueront les 
electenrs pour remplir les dites vacances. 

Paragraphe 5. La Cliambre des Representants 



ENGLISH. 

Clause 2. No person shall be a 
Representative who sliall not have 
attained to the age of twenty-five 
years, and been seven years a cit- 
izen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an in- 
liabitant of that State in which lie 
shall be chosen. 

Clause 3. Representatives and 
direct taxes shall be apportioned 
among the several States which 
may be included within this 
Union, according to their respect- 
ive numbers, which shall be de- 
termined by adding to the whole 
number of free persons, including 
those bound to service for a term 
of years, and excluding Indians 
not taxed, three-fifths of aU other 
persons. The actual enumeration 
shall be made within three years af- 
ter the first meeting of the Congress 
of the United States, and within 
every subsequent term of ten years, 
in such manner as they shall by 
law direct. The niLmher of Repre- 
sentatives shall not exceed one for 
every thirty thousand, but each SUUe 
shall Jiave at least one Representa- 
tive ; and until sucJi enumeration 
shall he made, the State of New 
Hampshire sliall he entitled to choose 
three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations, 
one; Connecticut, five : Neic York, 
six; New Jersey, four; Pennsyl- 
vania, eight; Delaware, one; Ma- 
ryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North 
Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; 
and Georgia, three. 

Clause 4. When vacancies hap- 
pen in the representation from 
any State, the executive authority 
thereof shall issue writs of election 
to fill such vacancies. 

Clause 5. The House of Repre- 
sentatives shall choose their Speak- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

Clausel 2. Niemand ist zum Abgeordneten Legislative powers in two branches 
wahlbar, der nicht seiri f iinfundzwanzigstes Jahr ^^'^^ ^^^^^^ ^^''^ ^* ^« ^P* *« <^i'^^^ 

.,^,^ , -i.-i XI -r." 1 hasty legislation ; it is less likely 

erreicht liat und niclit sieben Jahre Burger der ,^^^, ,^^^ ^.^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ p/ 
Vereinigten Staaten gewesen ist, und muss der- vate influence, and it increases the 
selbe ein Einwolmer des Staates sein, in welchem probability that good laws will be 
er gewahlt werden soil. passed. 

Clausel 3. Die Zahl der Yertreter und die Section II.- CTa«se 2. 

Quote der directen Abgaben soil den verscliie- ^^® ^^*- n.— Sec. I.— Cl. 5, p. 54. 

denen Staaten, die die Union bilden, im Ver- A Representative is not required 

to be a citizen of the United States 
lialtniss zu ilirer Einwolinerzahl zugeteilt wer- \,y hivih.. If a foreigner by birth, 

den; diese soil derart bestimmt werden, dass zu he may become a citizen by natu- 

der Anzalil der freien Personen, einscliliesslich ralization, and then he becomes 

derjenigen, die sich fiir eine Pweihe von Jah- ^^'^}^^^ ^l ^ Representative after 

-., a citizenship of seven years. 

ren zu dienen verpfliclitet haben und ausscbhess- ^n alien must reside here live 

lich der niclit besteuerten Indianer, drei Filnftel years before he becomes a citizen; 

aller itbrigen Personen zugezahlt werden ; die this, added to the seven yeais 

definitive Volkszalilung soil innerhalb drei Jahre °^ «"izenship, amounts to twelve 

, , . 1 /-, vears of previous residence before 

nach dem ersten Zusammentritt des Congresses he is eligible as a Representative, 

stattfinden und spater alle zelin Jahre in soldier The Representative must be an 

Weise, wie er durcli Gesetz vorschreiben wird. inhabitant of the state in which 

Die Zahl der Vertreter soil einen fur je 30,000 ^" '^ ''^"'""- ^* ^' ""* '"^'''''"^ 
■J-,, , • J 7 . 7 • 7 r> 7 7 t^^t he be a resident of the dis- 

Emwohner mcht ubersteigen, aberjeder Staat soil ^^.^^^ f^om which he has been 
wenigstens einen Yertreter haben ; und bis die chosen, nor that he should have 

Zdhlung VOrgenommen ist, soil NeiO Hamiyshire, resided either in the district or the 

drei ; Massachusetts, acht : Rhode Island und ^^^^^ ^^" ^"^ ^'^^""'^ ^""^^'^ ^^ 

r^ , ^ jr-, T . ' /~i • n n time before his election. Nor is it 

Providence Colomen, emen ; Connecticut Junf ; ^^^^ ^hat he shall lose his seat if 

New York, sechs ; New Jersey, vi^r ; Penn- he remove from his state or dis- 

sylvania, acht ; Delaware, einen ; Maryland, trict during the two years, it is 

sechs; Virginia, zehn ; Nord Carolina, fiinf ; "«* necessary that he should pos- 

ry.. 1 ^ T /.../. 7 ^ • 7 • TT- . , sess & certaiu amount of property 

Sud Carolina, fxmf, und Georgia, drei Vertreter ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ particular form of 

erwdhlen Mnnen. religious belief. 

Clausel 4. Wenn eine Liicke in der Vertre- 
tung eines Staates entsteht, soil die Regierung P^'^^ ii^^i<^i^'^ '^rc oUoUte. 

^ .. . .ri- , , , ., The first enumeration was ac- 

desselben eine neue Wahl ausschreiben. tualiy made in 1790. 

Taxes are of two kinds, direct 
and indirect. A direct tax is laid 
directly on the income or property 



Clausel 5. Das Abgeordnetenhaus soil seinen 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FKENCH. ENGLISH. 

clioisira son President at son bureau; et aura er and other officers; and shall 

seiile qnalite pour mettre les fonctionnaires en ^'^''® *^® ^^^^ P^^^'" °^ impeach- 
, . ment. 

accusation. 

Section III. — Paragraylie 1. Le Senat des Section III.— Claim 1. The 

Etats-Unis se composera de deux Senateurs de ^^"^**' °^ *^^ ^°^*^^ ^^""^^^ '^'^" 

, -f\. . , TT/.-i -, be composed of two Senators from 

diaque Etat, nonimes par la Legislature de cet .^.^ state, chosen by the Legisia- 

Etat pour six ans ; et chaque Senateur aura une tare thereof, for six years ; and 

Voix. each Senator shall have one rote. 

Paragraphe 2. Aussitot apres qu'ils se reuni- Clause 2. immediately after they 
ront a la suite de la premiere election, ils se di- '^*" ^' assembled in consequence 

. ^ , ., , of the first election, they shall be 

viseront aussi egale ment que possible en trois divided as equally as may be into 
classes. Les sieges des Senateurs de la premiere three classes. The seats of the 
classe deviendront vacants a I'expiration de la Senators of the first class shall be 

seconde annee; ceux de la seconde classe, a Tex- ^'''''^^^ ^* *^^ expiration of the 
,. J , .^ , ' , second year; of the second class, 

piration de la quatrieme annee; et ceux de la ^t the expiration of the fourth 
troisieme classe, a I'expiration de la sixierae annee; year ; and of the third class, at the 
de maniere qu'un tiers soit elu tons les deux ans ; expiration of the sixth year, so that 

ets'ilse produitdes vacances, par demission on «°«-«"rd ^lay be chosen every sec- 
,, , 1 , -r , . -, ,. ond year ; and if vacancies happen 

aiitrement, en I'absence de la Legislature d'un ^y resignation, or otherwise, du- 

Etat, le pouvoir executif de cet Etat pent faire ring the recess of the Legislature 

des nominations temporaires jusqu'a la prochaine °^ ^^y ^*ate, the Executive thereof 

reunion de la Legislature, qui devra reinplir alors ""^^ make temporary appointments 
, ,. ^ until the next meeting of the Le- 

les elites vacances. gislature, which shall then fill sucli 



vacancies. 



Paragrajphe 3. Nul ne pourra etre Senateur, Olame 3. No person shall be a 
s'il n'a pas atteint Page de trente ans, et ete pen- Senator who shall not have attained 

dant neuf ans citoyen des Etats-Unis, et s'il n'est *° '^' '^' "* ^^''"^ ^^l ^'t ^""'1 
•' , ' , nine years a citizen of the United 

pas, au moment de son election, habitant de I'Etat states, and who shall not, when 

pour lequel il aura ete elu. elected, be an inhabitant of that 

State for which he shall be chosen. 

Paragraphe 4. Le Vice-President des ifetats- Clause 4. The Vice-President of 
Unis sera president du Senat, mais n'aura pas the United states shall be president 

j„^;i. ^i„ i ^ • 1 . .of the Senate, but shall have no 

dioit de vote, a moins que les voix ne soient ^^,^^ ^^^^^^ they be equally di- 

partagees egalement. vided. 

Paragraphe 5. Le Senat nommera son bureau, Claused. The Senate shall choose 

et aussi un president provisoire, en cas d'absence t^®"' ^'tiier officers, and also a Presi- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

GERMAN. N0TP:S. 

Spreclier und seine iibriojen Beamten wahlen ; itself ; for instance, on lands or 
und das ausschliessliche Recht, sie zur Verant- ^^°"'^'- ^" "'^^'*^"* *^^ ^' °"^ 

laid on articles of production or 
WOrtung ZU Ziehen, liaben. consumption. Direct taxes are 

Section HI. — Clausel 1. Der Senat der Yer- seldom levied, except when other 
einigten Staaten soil aus zwei Senatoren von sources of income fail. 

. - „ 1,1 T n 11 By the Articles of Confederation, 

ledeni Staate bestelien, diese sollen von den be- ,, „ ^ ^„„^ ^ „ ., ,. •♦ j c* + 

i ' the expenses or the United States 

ziiglichen Staatslegislaturen auf secbs Jahre ge- were to be paid by each state in 
wahlt werden ; und jeder Senator soil eine proportion to the value of land, to- 

Stimme haben. gether with improvements. This 

placed the liability of a State to di- 

Clausel 2. Gleich nach der Versammlung in rect taxation upon the basis of prop- 

Folge der ersten Wahl sollen sie so gleiehmassig erty,whereas the Constitution places 

wie mOglich in drei Classen geteilt werden. it upon the basis of population. 

-rx.o', lo L ^ ^/^i n The Indians that remain in the 

Die Sitze der Senatoren der ersten Classe sollen ^. , ■ , j ^ • ^, 

btates are included m the number 

nach Ablanf des zweiten Jahres gerainnt M-er- of free persons if they are taxed. 
den ; die der zweiten Classe nach vier Jahren There were slaves in all the 
und die der dritten Classe nach sechs Jahren, so ^*''^^«^ ^^^«" the Constitution was 
dass ein Drittel der Zahl alle zwei Jahre ge- mi o^ ^ • i • i ^i 

^ ihe States in which there was a 

wahlt wird ; und wenn Liicken durch Nieder- large number of slaves, while they 

legung des Mandats oder auf andere Weise wall- were allowed an increase of Repre- 

rend der Ferien der Staatslegislaturen entstehen, sentatives on account of the slave 

1 TTT' i.* iti.-cci Ci-i-i. population, were also subiected in 

kann die Executive des betrettenden Staates tern- f., ... . 

like proportion to an increased 
poriire Ernennungen bis zur nachsten Sitzung burden of direct taxation. 

der Legislatnr, welche dann die Liicken endgiil- As the population of the country 

tig ZU f iillen hat, VOrnehmen. l^^s increased, the number of Rep. 

resentatives has been increased by 
various acts of Congress. 

Clausel 3. Niemand soil Senator werden, der The first House of Representa- 
nicht sein dreissigstes Jahr erreicht hat und neun tives consisted of 65 members, 
Jahre Biirger der Vereinigten Staaten gewesen ^^"^^ ^^^ ^"" ^°^ '''''^ ^^'^^^ 

„ . . ,,-, , 1 ^. inhabitants. By the census of 

ist und der niclit zur Zeit seiner Wahl Emwoh- j^qq ^heve were constituted 106 

lier des Staates ist, in welchein er gewahlt wer- Representatives — one for every 
den soil. 33,000 inhabitants. Every terri- 

Clausel 4. Der Yice-Prasident der Yereinig- ^^'^^ ^^ ^^^?^, ^ '"^"'^"^^ °''S^°- 

„ n T~» • 1 1 o '^^"^ territorial government has 

ten Staaten soil Pi-asident des Senats sem, aber ^^^^ established by Congress, is 

keine Stimme haben, ausgenommen, wenn die entitled to have one Representa- 

Stiminen gleiehmassig Verteilt sind. tive in Congress^ who may partici- 

/-~,j J r -r\ c^ n • i -n. pate iu the debates, bat cannot 

Clausel 5. Der Senat soil seme anderen Be- ^^^e. Such territories are gener- 
amten wahlen, audi einen Friisidenten pro tern- ally called organized territories. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FJBENCH. 

du Vice-President, on dans le eas ou celui-ci 
exercerait les fonctions de President des Etats- 
Unis. 

Paragraphe 6. Le Senat aura seul qualite pour 
juger toutes les accusations dirigees contre des 
fonctionnaires publics ; quand il siegera pour cet 
objet, ses nienibres devront preter serment ou 
affirmation. Quand le President des Etats-Unis 
sera mis en jugement, c'est le Juge Supreme qui 
devra presider ; et nul ne pourra etre condamne 
a moins des deux tiers des voix des membres 
presents. 

Paragraphe 7. La sentence, dans les cas de 
jugement de fonctionnaires, ne pourra aller au- 
dela de la revocation d'emploi, et de I'incapacite 
future d'occuper un poste d'honneur, de confiance, 
ou de profit sous ie gouvernement des fitats-Unis; 
mais la partie condamnee n'en sera pas moins 
sujette a etre mise en accusation, jugee, condam- 
nee, et punie, conformement aux lois. 



ENGLISH. 

dent pro tempore, in the .absence of 
the Vice-President, or when he shall 
exercise the office of President of 
the United States. 

Clause 6. The Senate shall have 
the sole power to try all impeach- 
ments : when sitting for that pur- 
pose, they shall be on oath or af- 
firmation. When the President of 
the United States is tried, the Chief 
Justice shall preside ; and no per- 
son shall be convicted without the 
concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. 

Clause 7. Judgment in cases of 
impeachment shall not extend fur- 
ther than to removal from office, 
and disqualification to hold and en- 
joy any office of honor, trust, or 
profit under the United States ; but 
the party convicted shall neverthe- 
less be liable and subject to indict- 
ment, trial, judgment and punish- 
ment, according to law. 



Section IY. — Paragraphe 1. L'epoque, le lieu 
et le mode d'election pour les Senateurs et les Re- 
presentants seront designes dans chaque Etat par 
la Legislature du dit Etat ; mais le Congres pent 
en tout temps, par une loi, faire ou modifier ces 
dispositions, sauf en ce qui concerne le lieu d'e- 
lection des Senateurs. 

Paragraphe 2. Le Congres se reunira au moins 
une fois par an, et cette reunion aura lieu le pre- 
mier liindi de decembre, a moins qu'il n'ait, par 
une loi, designe un autre jour. 

Section Y. — Paragraphe 1. Chacune des deux 
chambres sera jnge des elections, de leurs resul- 
•tats, et de la validation de ses membres, et la 
majorite dans chacune d'elles constituera un nom- 



Section IV. — Clause 1. The 
times, places and manner of hold- 
ing elections for Senators and Rep- 
resentatives shall be prescribed in 
each State by the Legislature there- 
of ; but the Congress may at any 
time, by law, make or alter such 
regulations, except as to the places 
of choosing Senators. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall as- 
semble at least once in every year, 
and such meeting shall be on tlie 
first Monday in December, unless 
they shall by law appoint a differ- 
ent day. 

Section V. — Clause 1. Each 
house shall be the jiidge of the 
elections, returns and qualifica- 
tions of its own members, and a 
majority of each shall constitute a 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



35 



GERMAN, 

pore in der Abwesenheit des Vice-Prasidenten, 
oder >venii dieser das Aint eines Prasidenten der 
VerGmig-ten Staaten versielit. 

Clansel 6. Der Senat soli die alleinige Macht 
haben, alle "Inipeaehinents" zii iinteisHclien ; 
nnd weiin er zu dieseni Zweck versarmiielt ist, 
soil er uiiter Eid oder Bekraftignng an Eides 
Statt handelii. Wenu der President der Yereinig- 
ten Staaten angeklagt wird, soil der Oberricliter 
prasidieren ; und Kiemand soil ohne die Znstim- 
innng von zwei Dritteln der anwesenden Mitolie- 
der verurteilt werden. 

Clausel 7. Eine Yernrteilnng soil nicht wel- 
ter gelien als znr Entsetznng vom Anite nnd znr 
Entziehnng der Pefaliignng, irgend eine Stell- 
ungs, die Ehre, Vertianen nnd Vorteil iinter 
der Ivegiernng der Vereinigten Staaten mit sich 
bringi. zu bekleiden ; aber der Verurteilte soil 
niclits desto weniger der Anklage, dem Proeesse, 
dem Urteile nnd der Strafe nach dein Gesetze 
iinterworfen sein. 

Section IV. — Clausel 1. Die Zeit, der Ort 
nnd der "VValiltnodus fiir Senatoi-en nnd Abge- 
ordnete soil in jedem Staate dnrch die Pegieinng 
desselben bestiinrat werden ; aber der Congress 
kann zu jedbr Zeit dnrch Gesetz solche Bestim- 
niungen abanderw, ausgenommen den Ort der 
Walil fiir den Sonr;t. 

Clausel 2. Der -C^ongress soil sich wenigstens 
einmal in jedem Jafire versamrneln nnd die Sitz- 
nng soil am ersten Montag im December statt- 
finden, es sei denn, dass dnrch Gesetz ein ande- 
rer Tag bestimmt wird. 

Section V. — Clausel 1. Jedes Hans soil die 
Resnltate der Wahlen und die Befahigung sei- 
ner Mitglieder priifen und eine Majoritat jedes 
Hanses soil ein Quorum znr Fiihrung der Ge- 



NOTES. 

As the House of Representatives 
is at present constituted, there are 
four modes in which a State may 
be entitled to a Representative: 1. 
By the ratio of representation. 2. 
By its large fraction. 8. By the 
constitutional provision that "each 
State shall have at least one Rep- 
resentative." 4. By special law. 
(See Appendix, Table A, p. 86.) 

Clause 4, p. 30. 
Those who are elected in pur- 
suance of this clause, are elected 
only for the unexpired term. 

Clause 5, p. 30. 

See Art. I.— Sec. III.— Clause 6, 
and Art. Il.—Sec. IV., pp. 34, 60. 

The power of impeachment is 
the right which the Representa- 
tives have to bring an accusation 
against high otficers of government 
for maladministration of office. 

Impeachments are not tried by 
the House, but by the Senate. 

The officers of the House of 
Representatives, in addition to the 
Speaker, are — a clerk, who, witli 
his assistants, keeps the records 
and journals of the proceedings 
of the House ; a sergeant-at-avms, 
who executes the commands of 
the House ; a door-keeper, a post- 
master and a chaplain. The clerk 
is required to take an oath or af- 
firmation to faithfully discharge 
his duties ; he also gives security. 
The sergeant-at-arms and door- 
keeper are sworn to keep the se- 
crets of the House. 

Section III. — Clause 1, p. 32. 

The two houses differ in regard 
to number of members, mode of 
election, and term of service ; 
thus, they act as a check upon 
each other. 



36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

bre suffisant pour deliberer et voter; raais un quorum to do business; but a 

1 . 1 , • j„ -^ , 4^„.. smaller number mav adjourn from 

nombre moindre pourra s aiourner de lour en lour, ^ ^ ^ '■,.-,. ^ 

^ •' , •" "^ day to day, and may be authorized 

et pourra etre autorise a requenr la presence des ^^ ^^^p^l ^^^^ attendance of absent 

luembres absents, de la maniere et sous les peines members, in such manner, and 

que pourra edicter chaque cliambre. u"*ier such penalties, as each house 

may provide. 

Paragraplie 2. Chaque chambi'e pourra fixer Clame 2. Each house may de- 
le reo-lement de ses seances, punir ses membres termme the rules of its proceed- 

^. f. ^. ' 1^ J i. ' 1 • •!.' 1 in^s, punish its members for dis- 

pour infractions a 1 ordre, et, a la maiorite des V , . , . -, •„ *i, 

r ' T J orderly behavior, and, with the 

deux tiers, expulser un menibre. concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 

member. 

Paragrajy/is 3. Chaque chanibre tiendra un C?a?(se 3. Each house .shall keep 

, 111 ' i. 1 UT J a journal of its proceedings, and 

proces-verbal de ses seances, et le publiera de . ' . ^ ^. ,,. i ^i .„ 

r . . from time to time publish the same, 

temps en temps, sauf les parties qui pourront, excepting such parts as may in their 

dans son jugement, exiger le secret ; et les votes judgment require secrecy ; and the 

i>ar oui et par non des membres de cliaque cham- y^^^ ^"<i n^ys of the members of 

, ,• ^ 1 . ^ either house on any question shall, 

bre sur une question quelconque, devront, sur ia , ^, , . „ "^ „„,, „ ,, 

^ ^ T. ' ' at the desire of one-fifth of those 

demande d'uii cinquieme des membres presents, present, be entered on the journal. 
etre consignes dans le proces-verbal. 



Paragraphe 4. Ni Tune ni Tautre des deux C7«?/«e 4. Neither house, during 

, , J i. 1 ■■ J r\ the session of Congress, shall, with- 

cliambres ne pourra, pendant la session du Con- ^ ^, ^ °. ' ^, , 

L ^ c ^ Q^^i ^]^e consent of the other, ad- 

gres, sans le consentement de I'autre, s'ajourner a -^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ti^^n tj,ree days, 

plus de trois jours, ni a aucun autre lieu que Celui nor to any other place than that in 

ou siegeront les deux chambres. ^l^ici^ ti^e two houses shall be sit- 
ting. 

Section VI. — Paragrajtlie 1. Les Senateurs et Section VI. — aame 1. The 

les Representants recevront, pour leurs services, Senators and Representatives shall 

, ,, 1 • . ' 1 receive a compensation for their 

un traitement a fixer par une loi, et paye par le ^^^^.^^^^ ^^ ^^ ascertained by law, 

tresor des Etats-Unis. lis ne pourront en aucun and paid out of the treasury of the 

cas, excepte pour trahisou, felonie, infraction a United States. They shall in all 

rordre public, etre arretes pendant leur presence ^^^e^' ^^'^'^P* treason, felony and 

, /Till • • breach of the peace, be privileged 

a line seance de leurs chambres respectives, ni en „ ^ a ■ ^^ • ♦♦ ^a^^^ 

^ ' from arrest during their attendance 

sV rendant ou en en revenant ; et il ne leur sera at the session of their respective 
demande compte en aucun lieu de leurs discours houses, and in going to and return- 
on des debats auxquels ils auront pris part dans "^s *^°^ *^^^, ^^™« ^ '?"'^ *t' """^ 
, ^ ^ speech or debate in either house, 
1 une ou 1 autre chambre. ^1,^^ ^i^^^n ^^^ be questioned in any 

other place. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



37 



GERMAN. 

scliaf te ansmachen ; aber eine kleinere Anzalil 
kann sieh von Tao- zii Tag; vertas-en nnd bevoll- 
machtigt sein, die Amvesenlieit abwesender Mit- 
glieder zu veraiilassen, in solcher Weise und unter 
solchen Strafen, wie jedes Ilaus sie bestimmt. 

Clausel 2. Jedes Hans bat seine Tagesord- 
nnng zn bestimnien, seine Mitglieder wegen nn- 
ordentlichen Betragens zn bestrafen nnd kann, 
mit einer Majoritat von zwei Drittehi, ein Mit- 
glied ausstossen. 

Clausel 3. Jedes Hans soil ein taglicbes Pro- 
tokoll iiber seine Verhandlniigen fiibren nnd 
solehes von Zeit zn Zeit veroffentliclien, ansge- 
nominen solche Teile, welcbe seiner Ansicht 
nach Verscliwiegenlieit erfordern nnd die na- 
mentliclie Abstimnmng der Mitglieder jedes 
Ilauses iiber irgend eine Erage soil, anf Wnnscli 
eines Fiinftels der Anwesenden, ini Protokoll 
anfgenomnien werden. 

Clausel 4. Kein Hans soil wahi-end der Sitz- 
ung des Cojigresses oline die Znstimmnng des 
anderen sicli anf langer als drei Tage nnd nicbt 
nach einem anderen Orte, als wo die Sitzungen 
stattfinden, vertagen diirfen. 

Section YI. — Clausel 1. Die Senatoren nnd 
Abojeordneten sollen eine Vero-iitniifi: fiir ibre 
Dienste erbalten, welcbe dnrcli Gesetz bestimmt 
und ans dem Scbatze der Vereinigten Staaten 
bezablt werden soil. Sie sollen in alien Fallen, 
ausgenommen Verrat, Yerbrechen nnd Yer- 
geben gegen die offentliclie Ordnnng vor Yer- 
haftnng wabrend der Sitznng ilires Ilauses nnd 
auf ihrem Hin- nnd Weggaiige gescbiitzt sein ; 
und fiir irgend eine Rede oder Debatte in ihrem 
Hanse sollen sie an keinem anderen Orte znr 
Yerantwortung gezogen werden. 



NOTES. 

The Senators are chosen b^ the 
Legislatures of the States ; the 
Representatives, by the people of 
the States. The Representatives 
serve two years, while the Sena- 
tors serve for six, the latter serv- 
ing longer, that they may check 
the sndden fluctuations of popular 
opinion to which the Representa- 
tives are liable. 

In the Senate, the States, each 
having two delegates, are placed 
upon an equal footing, while in 
the House they are represented in 
proportion to their population. In 
this respect, the Constitution, by 
giving to each State an equal voice 
in the Senate, without regard to 
difference of population, wealth, 
or dimensions, resembles the old 
Confederation. 

The Constitution does not pre- 
scribe the mode in which the Leg- 
islatures are to elect Senators. In 
most of the States the Senators are 
cliosen by a joint vote, that is, 
both branches of the State Legis- 
lature meet and vote as if they 
constituted a single body. 

Under the Articles of Confeder- 
ation, the votes in Congress wei'e 
taken by States, so that each State 
had but one vote, no matter what 
was the number of its Representa- 
tives. 

If a majority of States should re- 
fuse to elect Senators, the legisla- 
tive power of the Senate would be 
suspended ; but if a few States 
shoitld I'efuse to elect them, the 
Senate would not. on that account, 
be incapable of performing all of 
its proper business. 

Clause 3, p. 33. 

By this clause the Senate is 
changed gradually so that there 



38 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FKENCH. 

Paragrajphe 2. Nul Senateur ni Representant 
lie pourra, pendant la periode pour laquelle il a 
etc elu, etre nomine a aucun emploi civil de- 
pendant des Etats-Unis, qui ait ete crcc, ou dont 
les emoluments aient etc augmentes, pendant la 
dite periode ; et nulle personne occupant un em- 
ploi qnelconque sous I'autorite des Etats-Unis ne 
pourra etre membre de I'une ou de I'autre cham- 
bre pendant la duree de ses fonctions. 

Section YII. — Paragraphe 1. Tons les projets 
de loi ayant pour objet de lever des impots, de- 
vront emaner de la Cliambre des Representants ; 
mais le Senat pourra proposer des amendements 
ou y concourir, comme pour les autres pi-ojets de 
loi. 

Paragraphe 2. Tout projet de loi qui aura 
passe a la Cliambre des Representants et au Se- 
nat, devra, avant de devenir loi, etre presente au 
President des Etats-Unis ; s'il I'approuve, il le 
signera ; mais s'il ne I'approuve pas, il devra le 
reiivoj'er, avec ses observations, a celle des cliam- 
bres dont il sera emane, et celle-ci devra con- 
signer ces observations au complet dans son 
proces-verbal, et proceder a un nouvel examen 
du projet de loi. Si, apres ce nouvel examen, les 
deux tiers de la chambre s'accordent a voter le 
projet, il sera envoye, en mcme temps que les 
observations, a I'autre chambre, qui procedera 
egalement a un nouveau debat, et si le projet est 
approuve par les deux tiers de cette chambre, il 
acquerra foi'ce de loi. Mais, dans tons les cas de 
ce genre, les votes des deux cbambres se feront 
par oui et par non, et les iioms de ceux qui au- 
ront vote pour ou contre seront consignes dans le 
proces-verbal de chaque chambre respectivement. 
Si un projet de loi n'est pas renvoye par le Pre- 



ENGLISH. 

Clause 2. No Senator or Repre- 
sentative shall, during the time for 
which he was elected, be appointed 
to any civil office under the author- 
ity of the United States, which 
shall have been created, or the 
emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased, during such time ; 
and no person holding any office 
under the United States shall be a 
member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 

Section VII. — Gltiuse. 1. Ail 
hills for raising revenue shall orig- 
inate in the House of Representa- 
tives ; but the Senate may propose 
or concur with amendments, as on 
other bills. 



Clause 2. Every bill which shall 
have passed the House of Repre- 
sentatives and the Senate, shall, 
before it become a law, be presented 
to the President of the United 
States; if he approve, he shall sign 
it, but if not, he shall return it, 
with his objections, to that house 
in which it shall have originated, 
who shall enter the objections at 
large on their journal, and proceed 
to reconsider it. If after such re- 
consideration, two thirds of that 
house shall agree to pass the bill, 
it shall be sent, together with the 
objections, to the other house, by 
which it shall likewise be recon- 
sidered, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that house, it shall become 
a law. But in all such cases the 
votes of both houses shall be de- 
termined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and 
against the bill shall be entered on 
the journal of each house respec- 
tively. If any bill shall not be re- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



39 



GERMAN. 

Clausel 2. Kein Senator oder Abgeordneter 
soil wahreiid der Zeit, in der er sein Mandat 
ausiibt, zii einera anderen biirgerlichen Amte 
uuter der Autoritat der Vereinigten Staaten er- 
naiint werden, wenn dieses Amt walirend dieser 
Zeit neu geschaffen oder dessen Gehalt erlidlit 
worden ist ; und Niemand, der irgend ein Amt 
unter den Yereinigten Staaten bekleidet, soil ein 
Mitglied irgend eines Haiises walirend seiner 
Amtsfiilirung sein konnen. 

Section VII. — Clausel 1. Alle Yorlagen ziir 
Erhebung der Staatseinkiinfte sollen von dem 
Abgeordnetenhause ansgelien ; aber der Senat 
kann Yerbesseriingen wie bei andei-en Yorlagen 
machen. 

Clausel 2. Alle Yorlagen, die das Abgeord- 
netenliaus und den Senat passiert haben, sollen, 
bevor sie Gesetz werden, deni Prasidenten der 
Yereinigten Staaten vorgelegt werden ; wenn er 
sie billigt, soil er sie unterzeichnen ; aber wenn 
niclit, soil er sie niit seinen Einwiinden dem 
Hause, von dem sie kommen zuriicksenden, wel- 
ches dieselben dann vollstandig in sein Proto- 
koll aufzunehmen und dariiber zu beraten hat. 
Wenn nach soldier Beratung zwei Drittel des 
Hauses der Yorlage znstimmen, soil sie mit den 
Einwanden an das andere Hans gesandt werden, 
welches gleichfalls dariiber zu beraten hat, und 
falls die Yorlage audi hier eine zwei Drittel Ma- 
joritat erhalt, soil sie Gesetz werden. Aber in 
alien solchen Fallen soil namentlidie Abstimm- 
ung stattfinden und das Resultat iui ProtokoU 
vermerkt werden. Wenn irgend eine solche Yor- 
lage von dem Prasidenten innerhalb zehn Tagen 
(Sonntag ausgenommen) nicht znruckgesandt sein 
sollte, soil sie Gesetz werden in gleicher Weise, 



NOTES, 
are always some experienced mem- 
bers. 

Clause 3, p. 32. 

See Art. II.— Sec. I.— CI. 5, p. 54. 
No qualification as to property 
and no profession of religious be- 
lief are required of a Senator ; nor 
is a previous residence in the State 
for a definite time necessary ; nor 
does he forfeit his seat if he cease 
to be an inhabitant of the State for 
which he is chosen ; nor can the 
Legislature of his State recall him ; 
nor is he, or a Representative, in- 
capable of being re-elected. 

Clause 4, p. 32. 
The Speaker of the House of 
Representatives is a member of 
that body ; but the presiding offi- 
cer of the Senate is not a member 
of the Senate, for fear of giving 
too much influence to that State 
whose Senator should be elected to 
preside. 

Clmise 5, p. 33. 

It is customary for the Vice- 
President to vacate liis chair in 
the Senate, just before the close of 
each session, and the Senate then 
to elect a President, pro tempoi'e, 
to preside in the Senate in case the 
Vice-President shall be called up- 
on to exercise the office of Presi- 
dent of the United States, in con- 
sequence of the death of the Presi- 
dent, or otherwise. 

Clause 6, p. 34. 
See Art. I.— Sec. II.— CI. 5, p. 30. 
See Art. II.— Sec. IV., p. 60. 

The power to try all impeach- 
ments after they have been brought 
forward by the House, is vested 
exclusively in the Senate. The 
object of this provision is to pre- 
vent the same body from being 
both accuser and judge. 



40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FKENCH. ENGLISH, 

Sident dans les dix jours (les dimauclies exceptes) tamed by the President within ten 

qni snivront la presentation dii proiet an Prcsi- ^^^'^ (Sunday excepted) after it 
] , , Ti. • ^ 1 r 1 1 • 1 1 ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^'P^n presented to liim, 

dent, le dit projet prendra force de loi, de la ^hc same shall be a law, in like 

nieme maniere qne s'il I'avait signe, a nioins que manner as if he had signed it, nu- 

le Congres n'en ait enipeche le l-envoi en s'ajour- less the Congress by their adjonrn- 

nant, auqnel cas le projet n'aura pas force de loi. "'^"* prevent its return, in which 

case it shall not be a law. 

Paragraphe 3. Tout ordre, toute resolntion ou OlanseZ. Every order, resolution 
vote, exigeant le concours du Senat et de la ^^ ^o*^' *o winch the concurrence 
Chanibre des Eepresentants (excepte sur une ""^ *!'« Senate and House of Repre- 

,. ,, . , , ^ , , sentativesmav be necessary (except 

question d ajournement), devront etre presentes on a question ;f adjournment), shall 
au President des Etats-Unis, et avant de prendre be presented to the President of 

effet, devront etre approuves par lui, on, s'il les ^^^^ United states ; and before the 

dt'sapprouve, devront etre passes a nouveau par ^'''^'' '^'^^^ ^""^^ ^'^*^^*' ^'''''" ^^ -"^P" 

1 1 i.- J a ' i. .. J 1 ni 1 JO proved by him, or being disap- 

les deux tiers dn Senat et de la Chambre des Ee- ^,^^^^ ^y him, shall be repassed 
presentants, confonnement aux regies et aux limi- by two-thirds of the Senate and 

tations prescrites pour les projets de loi. House of Representatives, accord- 

ing to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 



Section VIII. — ParagrajyJie 1. Le Congres Section \lll.—Clmis6 1. Tiie 

aura le droit d'etablir et de lever des taxes, droits, Congress shall have power to lay 

/v,. iMi- iji.. . ^nd collect taxes, duties, imposts 

impots et contributions pour paver les dettes et , . , .-^ I . . 

^ , , r r ./ and excises, to pay the debts and 

pourvoir a la defense commune et au bien general provide for the common defence 

des Etats-Unis ; niais tons les droits, les impots and general welfare of the United 

et les contributions indirectes devront etre uni- ^*''^**^ ^ ^"* ^^^ A\ii\Q&, imposts and 

p 1 i i 1? 'i. J J -fT'i. i. TT • excises shall be uniform throuarh- 

tornies dans toute letendue des Etats-Unis; ^ .i tt •. ■, o . 

' out the United States ; 

Paragraphe 2. D'emprunter de I'argent pour Clmise 2. To borrow money on 

le compte des Etats-Unis ; tl^^ «»'^dit of ^^^ United states ; 

Paragraphe 3. De reglementer le commerce ClavseS. To regulate commerce 

avec les nations etrangeres, et entre les divers ^'t^ foreign nations, and among 

Etats, et avec les tribus indiennes ; *''^ '^^""^^ ^*''*^'' '^"^ '^^^^^ "^« 

Indian tribes ; 

Paragraphe 4. D'etablir une regie uniforme Clause 4. To establish an uni- 

pour la natural ilation, et des lois uniformes pour ^^'.'J' """^^ °^ naturalization, and 
les banqneioutes dans toute I'eteiidue des Etats- 
Unis ; 



uniform laws on the subject of 
bankruptcies throughout the Unit- 
ed States ; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



41 



GEKMAN, NOTES. 

als wenn der Priisident dieselbe untei'zeichnet An impcacliment is a written ac- 

liatte, es sei denii, dass der Congress dureli Ver- <^"«ation, charging a civil officer of 

T „ •• 1 1 1-1 • 1 t^i*3 United States with treason, 

tagunu: die Zurucksendung verhindert, in wel- v^ju^^, „ „n «- i • i 

o o & ? bribery, or otlier high crime or 

cheni Falle sie nicht ziini Gesetz wird. misdemeanor. 



Clausel 3. Jede Verordnung, jeder Besclilnss 
oder jede Abstininmng, fiir welche die Zustim- 
uiung des Senates und des Abgeordnetenhaiises 
notig ist (ausgenoinmen in Beziig aiif die Frage 
einer Vertagnng), soil deni Prasidenten der 
Vereinigteii Staaten vorgelegt werden ; und ehe 
sie in Wirksamkeit treten, solleii sie von ilini 
bestatigt werden ; oder falls or sie inissbilligt, 
luiissen sie die Znstimnning von zwei Dritteln 
des Senates nnd des Abgeordnetenliauses erlial- 
ten, ehe sie in Wirksamkeit treten koiinen, in 
gleiclier Weise wie dies init einer Gesetzesvor- 
lage der Fall ist. 

Section YIII. — Clausel 1. Der Congress soil 
die Maclit liaben, Abgaben, Steuern, Zolle und 
Accise aufzulegen und zu erheben znr Bezahlnng 
der Scliulden und fur die Landesverteidignng und 
das allgeineine Wolil der Vereinigten Staaten ; 
aber alle Zolle, Steuern, Accisen und Abgaben 
soUen ini ganzen Lande dieselben sein ; 

Clausel 2. Anleilien auf den Credit der Yer- 
einigten Staaten abzuschliessen ; 

Clausel 3. Den Handel mit freniden Nationen, 
so wie zwisclien den einzelnen Staaten und mit 
den indianischen Stammen zu regeln ; 

Clausel 4. Eine gleichmassige Form der Na- 
turalisation und gleiclie Gesetze in Bezug auf 
Bankerotte in den Yereinigten Staaten einzu- 
f iiliren ; 



Section IV. — Clause 1, p. 34. 

By au act of Congress, passed 
June 25, 1842, it is provided that 
the Representatives from a State 
shall be elected by districts equal 
in number to the number of Rep- 
resentatives to which the State :s 
entitled, and each of these con- 
gressional districts shall elect one 
Representative. 

Clause 2, p. 34. 

A different day for assembling 
has frequently been appointed. 

The Constitution does not, in ex- 
press terms, determine the place 
where Congress shall meet. It is 
provided by an act of Congress, 
that, when on account of the prev- 
alence of a contagious disease, or 
for other causes, it would be dan- 
gerous to the health of the mem- 
bers to meet at the place to which 
Congress shall stand adjourned, 
the President may, by proclama- 
tion, convene Congress at such 
place as he may deem proper. 

Section V. — Clause 2, p. 36. 

There is no express power given 
by the Constitution to either house 
to punish for a breach of its privi- 
leges, for disorderly conduct, or 
for contempt, except when com- 
mitted by its own members. Yet 
it has been held that such power 
exists ; also, that Congress is the 
sole tribunal to determine when it 
should be exercised, or what pun- 
ishment should be inflicted. A 
similar power has been frequently 
exercised by the Legislatures of 
the States. When imprisonment 



42 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

Paragrajphe 5. De frapper la monnaie, d'en Clau»e 5. To coin monev, regu- 

regler la valeur, aiusi que celle des uionnaies ^^*° *^'' ^^^^^ thereof, and of for- 

. ^ n 1,', 1 1 .1 eign coin, and fix the standard of 

etraiifferes, et de nxer retalon des poids et me- • w , 

® ' r '^ weights and measures ; 

siires ; 

Paragrajjhe 6. De pourvoir au chatiment de Clause 6. To provide for the 
ceux qui coutrefont les titres et la monnaie des Punishment of counterfeiting the 

-^. f. TT • . securities and current coin of the 

' United States ; 
Paragraphe 7. D'etablir des bureaux de poste clause 7. To establish post-offices 

et des malles-postes ; and post-roads ; 

Paragra.'phe 8. D'encourager le progres des Gkiusc 8. To promote tho prog- 
sciences et des arts utiles, en assurant, pour des ress of science and useful arts, by 
periodes limitces, aux auteurs et aux inventeurs securing, for limited times, to au- 
, T . ^ 1 • c ' 1 ' • . .• r . , thor» and inventors the exclusive 
le droit exclusir a leurs ecrits respectif s et a leurs ^;„v,f ♦„ ^^ ■ *• 

t " right to their respective writings 

deCOUVertes ; and discoveries ; 

Paragraplie 9. De constituer des tribunaux in- Clause 9. To constitute tribunals 

ferieurs a la Cour Supreme ; inferior to the Suprenie Court ; 

Paragrajjhe 10. De definir et de reprimer les Clause- 10. To define and punish 

pirateries et les felonies commises en pleine mer, piracies and felonies committed on 

et les offenses contre le droit des gens ; "^^ I^^h seas, and offences against 

*^ ' the law of nations ; 

Paragraphs 11. De declarer la guerre, d'ac- Clause 11. To declare war, grant 

corder des lettres de marque et de represailles, et letters of marque and reprisal, and 

d'etablir des regies touchant les captures sur terra °'^^' '""^^^ concerning captures on 

*■ land and water ; 

et sur eau ; 

Paragraphs 12. De lever et d'entretenir des Cliuse 12. To raise and support 
armees, mais il ne pourra etre affeete de fonds a armies, but no appropriation of 
cet usage pour une periode de plus de deux ans ; ""^"^^ ^^ *^^* "'^ "^'''^^ ^^ *"'''" ''* 

'' longer term than two years ; 

Pai'agra'phe 13. De cruer et d'entretenir une Clause 13. To provide and main- 
marine ; tain a navy ; 

Paragraphs 14. D'etablir des regies pour le Clause u. To make rules for the 
gouvernement et la reglementation des forces de government and regulation of the 
terre et de mer ; ^^"'^ ^""^ ^^^^'^^ ^°''«^' ' 

Paragraphs 15. De pourvoir a I'appel des mi- Clause 15. To provide for calling 
lices pour faire executer les lois de I'Union, snp- forth the militia to execute the 
primer les insurrections, et repousser les inva- ^'''^' °^ *''^ ^'"°"' suppress insur- 

rections and repel invasions ; 

sious : 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



43 



GERMAN. 

Clausel 5. Geld zu pragen und den Wert des- 
selbeii, wie den der freinden Miinzen zu 1-egeln, 
ebenfalls das Normalmass der Gewichte und 
Masse zu bestiinmen ; 

Clausel 6. Die Bestrafung der Falscher von 
Staatspapieren und Miinzen zu veranlassen ; 

Clausel 7. Postamter zu errichten und gute 
uffentliche Wege herzustellen ; 

Clausel 8. Wissenscliaft und Kiinste zu for- 
dern, in der Weise, dass Autoren und Erfinder 
f iir eine gewisse Zeit das ausschliessliche Reclit 
an ihren Scliopf ungen und Ei-findungen liaben ; 

Clausel 9. Gericlitshofe zu errichten, welche 
unter dein obersten Gericlitshofe stehen sollen ; 

Clausel 10. Seerauberei und Verbrechen auf 
holier See, sowie Yergehen gegen das allgenaeine 
Yolkerrecht zu bestrafen ; 

Clausel 1 1. Krieg zu erklaren, Kaperbriefe 
auszustellen und Bestiniinungen in Betreff von 
Eroberungen zu Lande und zur See zu treffen ; 

Clausel 12. Trnppen anzuwerben luid zu un- 
terhalten ; aber keine Gelder zu diesein Zweck 
sollen auf langer als zwei Jahre bewilligt wer- 
den; 

Clausel 13. Eine Kriegsmarine zn errichten 
und zn unterhalten ; 

Clausel 14. Bestimmungen iiber den Befehl 
und die Yerwendung der Land- und Seemacht zu 
treffen ; 

Clausel 15. Die Miliz einzuberufen, um die 
Ausfiihrnng der Gesetze der Union zn erzwingen, 
Aufrnhr zu bewaltigen und feindliche Einfalle 
zuriickzuweisen ; 



NOTES. 

is part of the punishment imposed 
for contempt, such imprisonment, 
unless limited to a shorter period, 
terminates with the session of Con- 
gress, and no court has a right to 
inquire directly into the correct- 
ness or propriety of the commit- 
ment, or to discharge the prisoner. 

Clame 3, p. 36. 

A member of the House or Sen- 
ate, if he desires to vote on a ques- 
tion, must give his vote in person. 

By one of the rules of the House 
of Representatives, no member is 
allowed to vote on any qitestion in 
the event of which he is inter- 
ested. 

By an act of Congress, passed 
April 21, 1808, no member of Con- 
gress is allowed to hold or enjoy 
any contract or .agreement made in 
behalf of the United States ; and 
penalties are imposed upon any 
officer of the United States who 
enters into a public contract with 
a member of Congress. 

Clause 4, p. 3Q. 

See Art. II.— Sec. III., p. 58. 

Congress can only separate in 
two ways : 1st, by adjournment ; 
2d, by the expiration of the two 
years, which is the limit of the du- 
ration of a Congress ; for a new 
Congress commences on Marcli 4th 
in every other year. The number 
of sessions which a particular Con- 
gress may hold is not fixed by the 
Constitution ; a Congress generally 
holds two, but sometimes three 
sessions. The time when one ses- 
sion of a Congress shall close and 
the next session commence, is gen- 
erally determined by a joint reso- 
lution of the Senate and the House 
of Representatives. But in every 
second year the Congress must ne- 



44 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FKENCH. ENGLISH. 

Paragraphe 16. De pourvoii- a rorgaiiisatiou, Clause 16. To provide for org.in- 

a I'arraement et a la discipline de la milice, et au ^"'"S' ^^°^"^S' ''^"'^ disciplining th., 

, , . , . militia, and for governing such 

gouvernemeiit de la portion de cette nnlice qni p^rt of them as may be employed 

poiirra etre eniploj'ee au service des Etats-Unis, in the service of the United States, 

resei-vant anx Etats la nomination de lenrs ofR- leserving to the States respectively 

ciers respectifs, et le pouvoir d'instrnire la milice the appointment of the officers, and 

, , '^ . 1 /-I < the authority of training the mi h- 

d apres la disciplme prescnte par le Congres ; ^^^ according to the discipline p.e- 

scribed by Congress ; 

Paragraphe 17. D'exercer exclnsivement la Clause 17. To exercise exclusive 

legislation, 'dans tons les cas quelconqnes. sur tout legislation in all cases whatsoever 

. ,. -ii / X . over such district (not exceeding 

district (ne depassant pas dix mdles carres), qui ^^^^ ^j^^^ square) as may, by ces- 

ponrra, en consequence d'uiie cession faite par des sion of particular states, and the 

Etats particuliers, et par Tacceptation du Congres, acceptance of Congress, become 

devenir le siege du gouvernement des Etats-Unis, theseat of the government of the 

^ , , 11. United States, and to exercise like 

et d'exercer nne autorite pareille surtousleslieux authority over all places purchased 

aclietes avec le consentement de la Legislature de by the consent of the Legislature 

I'Etat oil ils seront situes, pour I'erection de forts, of the State iu which the same 

J '11 j„ „i „ .4.*„ „ „„. V „ shall be, for the erection of forts, 

de magasins, d arsenaux, de cJiantiers maritimes, . ' , , , , 

'^ ' „ , . -p, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, 

et d'autres edifices necessaires ;— Et ^^^^ otl^^^ v^^^^IxA buildings ;- 

And 

Paragraphe 18. De faire toutes les lois neces- Clause 18. To make all laws 

saires et convenables pour mettre a execution les ^^!''^ '^^"" ^" necessary and prop- 

' . er for carrying into execution the 

pouvoirs ci-dessus, et tons les autres pouvoirs fo,,goi„g powers, and all other 

donnes par la presente Constitution au gouvei-ne- powers vested by this Constitution 

inent des Etats-Unis, on a un departement on a i» the government of the United 

,• ,. • q A-ir \?t- tr States, or in any department or 

un roiictionnaire des dits Etats. „ , „ 

officer thereot. 

Section IX. — Paragraphe 1. P immigration Section IX. — Clause 1. The 

ou importation de toutes personnesqiCun des Etats '«*6"-«<^'^ or importation of such 

J. • J J • 7 71 7 persons as any of the States noio ex- 

actuellement existants jugeront Ion dadmettre, ne i^,,^ ^,^^ ^j.i,;^ proper to admit, 

sera point prohihee par le Congres avant Vannee gjuiU not be prohibited by tJie Con- 

1808, mais il pourra etre impose une taxe ou gress prior to the year one tJmis:ind 

droit sur la dite importation, ne depassant pas eight hundred and eight, but a tax 

or duty may be imposed on such im- 

dtx dollars par persons. portation, not exceeding ten dollars 

for each person, 

Paragraphe 2. Le privilege de I'ordonnance Clause 2. The privilege of tlie 

d'habeas coi-pns ne pourra pas etre suspendu, si ce ^"t ""^ ^'''^^''^ ^•"■P"^ ^'^^ii "°* ^ 

suspended, unless when in cases of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



45 



GERMAN. 

Clausel 16. Fiir die Organisation, Bewaffnnng 
iind Ubuiig der Miliz zii sorgen, aueh solche 
Teile derselben, die iin Dienste der Vereinig- 
ten Staaten stehen, zu coniniandieren, iiidess soil 
den einzelneii Staaten die Ernennnng der Offi- 
ziere iind das Einexercieren der Miliz nach den 
Bestimniuno-en des Congresses vorbehalten sein ; 

Clcmsel 17. Die ausschliessiiclie Gesetzgebung 
in alien Districten auszuiiben, welche (wenn nielit 
grosser als zelin Quadratmeilen) durch Abtretung 
der respectiven Staaten und Annahme Seitens des 
Congresses, Sitz der Regiernng der Vereinigten 
Staaten werden niid gleichfalls dieselbe Autori- 
tat an alien Platzen auszuiiben, welche mit Zu- 
stininiung der Legislatur des betreffenden Staates, 
in M-elcheni sie ]ie«;en, zur Eri'ichtunor von Fes- 
tungen, Magazinen, Arsenalen, Schiffswerften 
und anderen notwendigen Baulichkeiten ange- 
kauft sind ; — Und 

ClaiLsel 18. Alle Gesetze zu niachen, welche 
znr richti2:en Ansfiihruno; der obigen und aller 
anderen Vollniachten, welche dnrch die Consti- 
tution der Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten so 
wie irgend einer Abteilnnor derselben erteilt wer- 
den, notig nnd geeignet sind. 

Section IX. — Clausel 1. Die Elnwanderung 
solcher Personen^ welche irgend einer der Staaten 
zulassen mag, soil vom Congresse vor dem Jahre 
1808 nicht verhoten werden / dber eine Ahgabe 
hann von solchen Einwandei'ern erhohen werden, 
welche nicht hoher als zehn Dollars fiir jede 
Person sein soil. 

Clausel 2. Das Privileginm der Habeas Cor- 
pus Acte soil nicht aufgehoben werden, ausge- 



NOTES. 

cessarily adjourn on March 3cl, be- 
cause the term for which all the 
Representatives and one-third of 
the Senators are elected, expires 
on that day. 

Section Yl.— Clause 1, p. 36. 

Under the Confederation, the ex- 
penses of the delegates were paid 
by the States they represented. 
If a member of Congress publish a 
speech which is libellous, it is said 
that he is not protected by his privi- 
lege. 

Section \ll.—Clanse. 1, p. 38. 

The House of Representatives is 
more immediately dependent upon 
the people, and more directly rep- 
resents their opinions and wishes, 
and possesses at the same time 
more knowledge of the local wants 
of each part of the country. 
Clause 2, p. 38. 

An act of Congress goes into ef- 
fect the day on which it is ap- 
proved by the President, unless the 
act itself appoint a different time. 

The object of vesting the Veto 
power in the hands of the Presi- 
dent is to serve as a check upon 
improper legislation. The Presi- 
dent would be likely to view a bill 
differently from Congress because 
of the difference in the nature of 
his office and in the mode of his 
appointment. 

The Veto power may be useful 
in resisting encroachments of the 
Legislature upon the other depart- 
ments of Government, and in pre- 
venting immature and hasty legis- 
lation. 

N.B. — The italicized clause is 
obsolete, Sec. IX. — CI. 1, p. 44. 
Clause 3, p. 40. 

The object of this provision is to 
prevent Congress from evading the 



46 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

irest lorsque, en cas de rubellion on d'invasion, le rebellion or invasion the public 

saint public poun-ait Texiger. '''^''^ °^^-^ '•^^"'^^ ''■ 

Paragra].>lie 3. II iie ponrra etre passe aucnne Clame 3. No bill of attainder or 

loi pronon9ant la inort civile on ajant un effet ox-post-facto law shall be passed, 
retroactif. 

Paragrajphe 4. II ne sera point etabli de capi- Claused. No capitation or other 

tation ni ancune autre taxe directe, si ce n'est en ^^^^e^* ^-'^^ ^'^^^^^ ^*^ ^^^'i' ""*«^^ '" 

, .1/1 ,_ proportion to the census or enu- 

proportion avec le recensement ou denombrement ^^^^^.^^ hereinbefore directed to 

qui doit ctre fait d'apres les indications plus haut ^e taken. 

enoncees. 

Paragraphed. II ne sera etabli ancune taxe CTait»« 5. No tax or duty shall be 

ni droit sur les articles exportes d'un Etat quel- ^^'^ "^ articles exported from any 

state, 
conque. 

Paragraphe 6. Aucune preference ne sera Clause 6. No preference shall be 
donnee par regleinent de conitnerce ou de douane gi^en by any regulation of com- 

ji-fl'i.i. ji 1. «.„ merce or revenue to the ports of 

aux ports d un Etat sur ceux d un auti-e et au- „^ ^ ^, . ., 

^ one State over those of another ; 

cun navire a destination on en partance dun „or shall vessels bound to, or from, 
fitat, ne sera tenu d'entrer, de sortir, ou de payer one State, be obliged to enter, clear, 
des droits dans un autre. o»' P^y <iuties in another. 

Paragraphe 7. II ne pourra etre retire d'argent Clause 7. No money shall be 
du tresor, qu'en consequence d'appropriations drawn from the treasury but in 

„ ., 1 • . •! i_i' ' J i _ ' consequence of appropriations made 

faites par line loi ; et il sera public de temps a /* ^ , 

tr ^ IT 1 l,y 1j^^ . jin(j a regular statement 

autre nn etat regulier et un cotnpte des recettes J^^ account of the receipts and 
et des depenses de toute nature du tresor public, expenditures of all public money 

shall be published from time to 

time. 

Paragraphe 8. Nul litre de noblesse ne sera ciame 8. No title of nobility 
accorde par les Etats-Unis; et aucune personne shall be granted by the United 

occupant un emploi salarie ou un poste de con- States : And no person holding any 
„ ■, . , 1 office of profit or trust under them, 

fiance sous leur autorite, ne pourra, sans le con- ^^^^^^ ^.^j^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^ 
sentement du Congres, accepter ni present, ni congress, accept of any present, 
gratification, ni fonction, ni titre, de quelque na- emolument, office, or title, of any 
ture que ce soit, d'aucun roi, prince, ou etat etran- ^^1"^ wha^tever, from any king, 
ger. 



prince or foreign state. 



Section H.— Paragraphe 1. Aucun Etat ne Section X.—CTaM«el. No State 

pourra COnclure de traitC, d'alliance, ou de con- shall enterinto any treaty alliance 

federation ; accorder des lettres de marque ou de 



or confederation; grant letters of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



47 



GERMAN. 

nommen in Fallen, wo Kevolution oder Krieg es 
iiotig niachen. 

Claitsel 3. Hochverrat soil niclit mit Sclian- 
dung der Fainilie bestraft werden nnd kein Crim- 
inalgesetz soil riickwirkende Kraft liaben. 

Clausel 4. Keine Kopfstener oder andere di- 
recte Abgabe soil erhoben werden, wenn nicht 
ini Verlialtiiiss zur Zalil der Bevolkerung. 



Clausel 5. Kein Zoll oder Abgabe soil von 
Waaren, die von einem Staate nach eineni an- 
deren gesandt werden, erhoben werden. 

Clausel 6. Kein Staat soli vor einem anderen 
Yorteile in BetrefP von Hafenabgaben haben, 
audi sollen Schiffe, die von einem Staate znm 
anderen fahren, niclit notig liaben, in dem an- 
deren zn declarieren, clarieren oder Abgaben zu 
zahlen. 

Clausel 7. Gelder konnen aus dem Staats- 
schatze nnr in Folge von Gesetzbestimmungen 
gezogen M'erden niid eine genaue Anfstellnng 
aller Einnahmen nnd Ansgaben soil von Zeit zu 
Zeit veroffentliclit M-erden. 

Clausel 8. Kein Adel soil von den Vereinig- 
ten Staaten verlielien werden nnd Niemand, der 
ein Amt unter der Regiernng bekleidet, soil 
ohne Znstimmung des Congi-esses ein Gesclienk, 
eine Belohnung, ein Amt oder einen Titel von 



irgend einem 



Konig, Fiirsten oder fremden 



Staate annehmen diirfen. 

Section X. — Clausel 1. Kein Staat soil Ver- 
trage oder Biindnisse abschliessen ; Kaperbriefe 
aiisstellen ; Geld pragen ; Staatspapiere ansge- 



NOTES. 

Veto power, by passing a law un- 
der some other name. 

Tlie President lias no Veto power 
on a question of adjournment. 

Section VIII., p. 40. 

The grant of a power to Con- 
gress, by the Constitution, does not 
of itself imply that the States are 
prohibited from exercising the 
same. It is the actual exercise of 
a power by Congress which re- 
stricts the States. Powers which 
may be exercised both by Congress 
and the States are termed concur- 
rent powers, as Bankruptcy ; those 
exercised by Congress alone are 
termed exclusive powers, as Com- 
merce. 

Clause 1, p. 40. 

It has been a subject of frequent 
discussion whether the words "to 
pay the debts and provide for the 
common defence and general wel- 
fare of the United States " grant a 
separate and independent power to 
Congress, or whether they are 
used only to point out the pur- 
pose for which the taxes, duties 
and imposts are to be collected. 
The latter opinion is generally re- 
ceived as correct. Art. I., Sec. II., 
CI. 3, p. 30, requires that direct 
taxes be apportioned among the 
States according to their respective 
numbers; and Sec. IX., CI. 4, p. 
46, of the same article, prohibits 
any capitation or other direct tax, 
unless in proportion to the census. 

A capitation, or, as it is some- 
times called, a poll-tax, is a tax 
imposed upon each head or person 
of the population. There are two 
rules, therefore, for the govern- 
ment of Congress in imposing 
taxes : 1, The rule of apportion- 
ment. 2. The rule of uniformity. 



4S COA'STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

represaillos; f rapper des monnaies ; oinettre des marque and reprisal ; coin money •. 

, .f, ■■ ' T. 'X 1 T J9 i. 'i 1^. ,.,^,./«-«;,.^ emit bills of credit : make any 

betsde credit: etablir d'autre etalon monetaire ,,.,,,.,., . , 

" ' tlimg but gold and silver coin a ten- 

quel'or et I'argent pour le paiement des dettes; der in payment of debts ; pass any 

passer de loi pronon9aiit la mort civile ou ayaiit bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, 

iiu effet retroactif, iii de loi portant atteiiite aux or law impairing the obligation of 

, , . A i^ 4.,v..^^ -A^ contracts, or grant any title of no- 

eiK>-ao'ements par contrats, ni accorder de titres de ' ^ ^ 

^ » ^ ' buity. 

noblesse. 

ParagrafJie 2, Aucun £tat ne pourra, sans le Claused. No state shall, without 

COnsentement du Congres, etablir d'iuipots ou "le consent of the Congress, lay 

. , . any imposts or duties on imports or 

droits sur les importations ou les exportations, ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^p^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^_ 

excepte ce qui sera absolument necessaire pour soiuteiy necessary for executing its 

executer ses lois d'inspection ; et le produit net inspection laws ; and the net prod- 

de tons droits et inipots, etablis par un Etat, sur "«« «* ^^^ ^''^'^^ and imposts, laid 

J . , by any State on imports or exports, 

les importations et les exportations, sera destine ^1,^11 be for the use of the treasury 

a Tusage du tresor des Etats-Unis ; et toutes lois of the United states ; and all such 

de cette nature seront soumises a la revision et laws shall be subject to the revision 

an controle du Congres. ^''^ ^^^^^^^^ «^ "^^ Gonsv,,s. 

Paragrajphe 3. Nul fitat ne pourra, sans le Claused. No state shall, without 

consentement du Congres, etablir aucun droit de '}' «°"f "* «f Congress lay any 

^ ' . duty of tonnage, keep troops or 

tonnage, entretenir des troupes, ou des vaisseaux g^^ipg ^f.^^r, in time of peace, en- 
de guerre, en temps de paix, ni faire aucune con- ter into any agreement or compact 
vention ou pacte avec un autre Etat, ou avec une with another state, or with a for- 

puissance etrangere, ni s'engager dans une cruerre, ^'S" P^^^^' «^- ^^f ^^ ^''^'^' ""; 
^ '111 . 1' . less actually invaded, or in such 

a moins d'invasion reelle, ou de danger si iinmin- i^jn^i^ent danger as will not admit 

ent qu'il n'admetto point de delai. of delay. 

ARTICLE II. — Departement executif. ARTICLE II.— Executive Department. 

Section l.—Paragraj)he 1. Le pouvoir exe- Section I.— Clause 1. The ex- 
. p n ' y T> ' • 1 i J T7i. i. TT ' ficutive powcr shall be vested in a 

cutif sera conne a un i resident des Ji,tats-Unis .,.»., tt •. ^ a. * * 

President of the United States ot 

d'Amerique. Le President restera en fonctions America. He shall hold his office 
pendant un terine de quatre ans, et, conjointe- during the term of four years, and, 
meat avec le Vice-President, nomine pour le together with the Vice-President. 

,1 •, chosen for the same term, be elect- 

meme terme, sera elu comme suit: ^ , ,, 

' ed as follows : 

ParagrapKe 2. Cliaque Etat nommera, de la Claused. Each State shall ap- 
maniere qui sera indiquee par sa Legislature, un T"*' i" such m.nnner astheLegis- 

^~ -^ "^ ^ laturethereofmav direct, a number 

nombred'Electeursegalaunombre total des Sena- ^^ Electors, eqiiai to the whole 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



49 



GKRMAN. 

ben ; irgend welclie andere Werte als Gold und 
Silber zur Zahliing von Schulden zulassen ; " bills 
of attainder " oder Criminalgesetze mit riickwir- 
kender Kraft oder Gesetze, welche Yerpflichtun- 
gen und Vertrage umstossen, erlasscn, nocli Adel 
verleihen konnen. 

Clausel 2. Ivein Staat soil ohne Zustimmnng 
des Congresses Ein- nnd Ausfulirzolle erlieben 
konnen, ansgenoraraen wenn solclie absolut no- 
tig zur Ausfiilirung der betreffenden Inspeetions- 
gesetze sind ; und alle Einkiinfte von ZoUen und 
Abgaben sollen in den Schatz der Yereinigten 
Staaten abgefiihrt werden, audi sollen ^lle be- 
treffende Gesetze der Revision und Controlle des 
Congresses unterworfen sein. 

Clausel 3. Kein Staat soil ohne Zustimmung 
des Congresses Schiffsabgaben erheben, Truppen 
oder Kriegsscbiffe in Friedenszeiten unterlialten, 
Yertrage mit eineni anderen Staate oder einer 
freniden Macht abschliessen, noch Krieo- begiu- 
nen, ausgenommen im Fall eines Angriffes oder 
einer Gefabr, welche keine Yerzogerung gestat- 
tet. 

ARTIKEL II. — Abteilung, die vollziehende Gewalt 
betreffend. 

Section I. — Clausel 1. Die vollziehende Ge- 
walt soil sich in den Handen eines Prasidenten 
der Yereinigten Staaten von Amerika befinden. 
Er soil dieses Amt wahrend vier Jahre bekleiden 
und, mit dem Yice-Prasidenten, welcher fiir die- 
selbe Dauer gewahlt wird, in folgender Weise 
erwahlt werden : 

Clausel 2. Jeder Staat soil, in der von der 
Legislatur vorgeschriebenen Weise, eine Anzahl 
von Wahlmannern ernennen, eben so gross wie 



NOTES. 

Capitations and other direct tax- 
es are to be laid by tlie first rule ; 
duties, imposts, excises and indi- 
rect taxes generally, are to be laid 
by the second rule. 

The power of Congress to lay 
and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
and excises, extends to the District 
of Columbia, though it is not rep- 
resented in Congress, and also to 
the territories of the United States. 
But Congress is not bound to ex- 
tend a direct tax to the district 
and territories. They are held 
subject to taxation, because the 
power of taxation vested by the 
Constitution in Congress extends 
over the whole country. 

Duties on imports are of two 
kinds : 1. Specific duties, esti- 
mated by weight or measure. 2. 
Ad valorem duties, estimated ac- 
cording to value. 

If imported goods are not to be 
used in the United States, but are 
to be re-exported, an allowance is 
made to the importer, and in some 
cases the whole, in others a part, of 
the duties is paid back to him. 
This allowance is called a draw- 
back. The collector of the port 
gives to the importer a certificate, 
called a debenture, which sets 
forth the amount due for draw- 
back of duties. 

The rate of customs and duties 
paj'able on merchandise is called 
a Tariff. The list of articles, ar- 
ranged so as to exhibit the various 
duties, drawbacks, etc.. charged or 
allowed on the importation or ex- 
portation of foreign and domestic 
articles, is also called a Tariff. 

Clause 3, p. 40. 

Trafiic, or the interchange of 
commodities, and commercial in- 



50 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH, 

tenrs et des EepresentantS auqnel Cet Etat pent number of Senators and Represen- 

avoir droit au Congres ; mais iinl Senatenr on *^^^''*^' ^"^ ^^'^"'^ ^^'^ ^^^^" ""'''^ ^^ 

, . entitled in the Congress ; but no 

Representant, ni ancnne personne occnpant un s,,,^tor or Representative, or per- 
emploi de confiance ou nne fonction salariee sons son holding an office of trust or 
I'antorite des Etats-Unis iie pourra etre designee V^^^^ ""^er the United states, 

COmme Electenr. '^'""^^ ^^ appointed an Elector. 

Paragrajphe ^. (II n'a pas ete jnge iiecessaire {Cause Z. Tlw Electors shaU meet 
do tradnire ce paragraphe en f rancais.) *» ^^'^''' '•^^i'^^^"'^ '5^«^^«' «'^«^ '^^^e by 

ballot for two persons, of ichom one, 
at least, sJudl not he an inliabUant 
of the same State with themselves. 
And they sJiaU, make a list of all the 
persons voted for, and of the number 
of votes for each; ichich list they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit, 
t settled, to the seat of t?ie Government 

of the United States, directed to tlie 
president of tlie Senate. The jjvesi- 
dent of the Senate slrnU, in the pres- 
ence of Vie Senate and House of 
Representatives, open all the certifi- 
cates, and the votes sJiuU then be 
counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes shall he the 
President, if such nnmbei' be a ma- 
jority of the ichoie number of Elec- 
tors appointed ; and if there he more 
than one, who have such majority, 
and have an equal number of votes, 
then the House of Representatives 
shall immediately choose, by ballot, 
one of tliem for President ; and if 
no person liave a majority, then, 
from the flee highest on the list, the 
said House shall, in like manner, 
choose tlie President. But in clioos- 
ing the President, the votes shall he 
taken by States, tlie representation 
from each State Imving one vote ; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist 
of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority 
of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. In every case, after the choice 
of tlie President, the person having 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 51 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

die Gesammtanzalil der Seiiatoren nnd Abgeord- terconrse, or navigation, are in- 
neten, zu welclieii der Staat dnrch Congressbe- ''^"^^^ '"^ "'^ ^^""^''^^ '^^^ °^' ^°"'- 
sehluss bereclitio-t ist : aber keiii Senator, Abcre- fp, * i v- i ■ j. . ,-, 

^ ' ' fc ihe laws whicli exist in tlie 

ordneter, iiocli irgend eine Person, vvelche ein states, providing for the inspec- 
Amt iinter den Vereinigten Staaten bekleidet, tion of flour, meat, etc., the laws 
soil zuni Wahhnann ernannt werden konnen. "^ ^^'^ ^*^*^^ ^°'' r^g^i^ting their 

internal commerce, and those witli 
ClaXLSel 3. (Man hat es nicht notig gefunden, respect to turnpike roads, ferries, 

diese Clause] ins Deutsche zu iibertragen.) etc., are valid and are not within 

the power given to Congress to 
regulate commerce. 

The Indian tribes within a State, 
or in the national territories, are 
regarded as domestic nations, ex- 
ercising the powers of govern- 
ment, but dependent on the 
United States, and holding their 
territory only by right of occu- 
pancy. 

Clause 4, p. 40. 

By an act of Congress, passed in 
1790, a foreigner was required to 
reside two years in the United 
States before he could become nat- 
uralized ; in 1795, the period of 
previous residence was extended to 
five years; in 1798, it was still far- 
ther extended to fourteen years ; 
in 1803. it was reduced to five 
years, where it remains at pres- 
ent. 

Any alien, being a free white 
person, in order to become a citi- 
zen of the United States, must first 
declare, on oath or affirmation, be- 
fore some national or State court, 
at least two years before liis appli- 
cation for admission as a citizen, 
that it is his intention to become a 
citizen of the United States, and to 
renounce all allegiance to the gov- 
ernment of which he is a subject. 
This is called his declaration of in- 
tention. 

Afterward, at the time of his ap- 



52 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

Ceux Old voudraient s'exercer a ecrire en tUrjreate.tnumherofvot.s<tfm^^ 

lyouu. (£U'0 uiyiv^i' ^ Electors shall be the Vice-President. 

fm7igals, pourraient tradinre eux-memes Le trot- ^^^^ .^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^^^^.^^ ^^^^ ^^. 

sieme paragrajplie. more who have equal rot€s, the Sen- 

ate sJuiU clioosefrom tliem, by ballot, 
tJieVice-Prendeiit.] The foregoing 
Clause was repealed iu 1804. It is 
quoted here merely for reference. 
Article XII. of the Amendments re- 
places it in the Constitution, and is 
here inserted instead of the orig- 
inal Clause. 

AMEKBKM.NT, Aht.ci,. XII.-Les Electe.u. se ,,^-— l.auT:^ i.f "e" 
reuniront dans lenrs Etats respectits, et voteront j.ggpecti^e St^^teg^ and vote by hallot 
an SCrutin secret pour le President et le Vice- f^^ President and Vice-President, 

President dont Tun, au nioins, ne devra pas etre one of whom, at least, shall not 

.,.,'■, T A I'^x. i. ^.,„ o^o 1^lof-i-onl■i: • be an inhabitant of the same State 

rlom p le dans le meme Etat que ses iiilecteui & , 

UOmioiiic uctus IV. iii^ix^y^ ^ v^ with themselves ; they shall name 

lis noninieront dans leurs bulletins la personne a .^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ 

laquelle ils donnent leurs voix conime President, f^^. ^s President, and in distinct 

et dans des bulletins separes la personne pour ballots the person voted for as Vice- 

^^ ^^ ^ i. ^ ^\T\^^T>^^^<i\t^t^^^^ • pf lis President; and they shall make 

I'lniipllp lis votent comme Vice-i resiaent , ei iib ' „ ,, ^ , 

Jaqueiie nh vuienu ^wmi ^ distinct lists of all persons voted 

feront des listes distinctes de toutes Jes personnes ^^^ ^^ President, and of all persons 

qui auront re9U des voix pour la Presidence, et voted for as Vice-President, and of 

de toutes les personnes qui auront re9U des voix the number of votes for each, which 

T TT- T5 ' 'A ^(- ^„ twm.tKvo rlo vniv nh- lists they shall sign and certify, 

Tiour la Yice-Presidence, et aunombie ae^Ol\ OD- ^ , ^ x ., „* ' « 

puui J a iov> -1- ' ^ J 4. and transmit sealed to the seat of 

tenuesparchacuned'elles. Les Electeurs devront ^^^^ Government of the United 
si*'-ner et certifier ces listes, et les transmettre states, directed to the president of 
cadietees et scellees au siege du gouvernenient the Senate ;-the president of the 

- -r- . < 11 1 '^,vi^„f /I,-, tJoTiof • Senate shall, in the presence of the 

des Etats-Unis, a Tadresse au president du Senat , ^^^^^^ ..^'nouse of Representa- 
— le president du Senat devra, en presence du ^.^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ certificates, and 
Senat et de la Chanibre des Representants, ouvrir ^^^.a votes shall then be counted ;— 
tons les certificats, et les votes devront alors etre the person having the greatest num- 

1 j-j i- .„,' o.,,.r. rvKtcT.n 1p -nliKs ber (/I votes for President, shall 

fotimtes • — le candidat, qui aura obtenu le puis "^ „ , , 

COinpLes- , i^ t-a. Li , i -r, - • 1 . 1 be the President, if such number 

grand Honibre de voix pour President, sera Je ^^ ^ ^^^j^rity of the whole number 
President, si ce nombre represente la majorite du ^^ Electors appointed; and if no 
nombre total des Electeurs designes ; et si per- person have such majority, then 
Sonne n'a obtenu la dite majorite, alors, parmi les from the persons having the high- 

, , J 1 1 est numbers not exceeding three 

personnes ayant obtenu le plus grand nombre de ^^ .^^ ^.^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ 

voix, trois au plus, SUr la liste de celles pour les- president, the House of Represen- 

(uielles il aura ete vote pour la Presidence, la tatives shall choose immediately. 



I 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



53 



GERMAN. 



Diejenigen, welche U hu7ig i?ii Deutschen Aahen 
loollen, mogen Clausel 3 selhst ubertragen. 



ZusATZ, Artikel XII. — Diese Electoren soUen 
sicli in iliren betreffenden Staaten versainnieln 
nnd diirch geheime Abstimiiinng den Prasiden- 
ten nnd Vice-Prasidenten erwahlen nnd soil \ve- 
nigstens einer von diesen kein Einwoliner des 
walilenden Staates sein ; sie sollen anf den Walil- 
zetteln den Prasidenten besonders und anf ande- 
rcn Zetteln den Yice-Prasidenten nennen ; sie 
sollen ferner besondere Listen anfstellen iiber alle 
respective znm Prasidenten und Vice-Prasidenten 
crwalilte Personen, ebenfalls iiber die Anzalil 
der Stimnien fiir Jeden ; diese Listen sollen sie 
unterzeichnen und beo:laubio:en und dieselben 
versiegelt an den Sitz der Pegierung der Ver- 
einigten Staaten, adressiert an den Prasidenten 
des Senates absenden ; der Prasident des Senates 
soil in Anwesenlieit des Senates und des Abge- 
ordnetenhanses alle diese Listen offnen, die An- 
zalil der abgegebenen Stiminen soil gezalilt 
werden und derjenige, auf welchen die meisten 
Stinnnen fiir Prasident gefallen sind, soil Presi- 
dent werden, vorausgesetzt, das die Zabl der Stim- 
nien die Melirzalil aller Stimrnen der ernann- 
ten Waliler bildet ; und wenn Nieraand solclie 
Majoritat hat, so soil das Abgeordnetenhaus so- 
fort durch geheime Abstimmung den Prasiden- 
ten nnter denjenigen erwahlen, welche die hoch- 
ste Anzahl von Stimrnen haben ; doch soil sicli 



NOTES. 

plication, he must swear to support 
the Constitution of the United 
States, and to renounce all allegi- 
ance and fidelity to every foreign 
prince or state. It is also neces- 
sary that he shall have resided in 
the United States five years at least, 
prior to his application, and in the 
State or Territory where he then 
resides, at least one year, and that 
during that time he has behaved 
as a man of good moral character, 
attached to the principles of the 
Constitution of the United States, 
and well disposed to the good or- 
der and happiness of the same. 
The applicant must bring forwaid 
witnesses who are citizens of the 
United States. 

Children of persons duly natu- 
ralized, who are under twenty-one 
years of age at the time of their 
parents being naturalized, are, \1 
dwelling in the United States, con- 
sidered as citizens of the United 
States. Persons born out of the 
limits and jurisdiction of the 
United States, whose fathers were 
citizens at the time of their birth, 
are, by an act of Congress, de- 
clared to be citizens of the United 
States ; but the right of citizenship 
thus acquired, cannot descend to 
persons whose fathers never re- 
sided in the United States. Any 
woman who might lawfully be nat- 
uralized under the existing laws, 
who is married to a citizen, shall 
be deemed and taken to be a citi- 
zen. If an alien dies after his dec- 
laration of intention, but before he 
is actually naturalized, his widow 
and children shall be considered 
citizens of the United States, and 
shall be entitled to all the privi- 
leges as such, upon taking the 
oath prescribed by law. 



64 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. . ENGLISH. 

Cliambre des Representants choisira aussitot, au ty ballot, the President. But in 

sci-ntin secret, le President. Mais, en clioisissant ^^'°°^"^s "^" President, the votes 

- shall be taken by States, the repre- 

le President, les votes scront pnspar Ltats, la re- se„tation from each- state having 

presentation de chaque Etat n'ajant qu'une senle one vote -, a quorum for this pur- 

voix ; il suffira, pour cet objet, de la presence P^^e shall consist of a member or 

T, , . ^ 1 1 .• J members from two-thirds of the 

d un on plusieurs membres des denx tiers des „^ ^ , • * * i, .i 

^ r^ ^ ^ states, and a majority of all the 

EtatS, et la majorite de tons les Etats sera neces- states shall be necessary to a choice. 

saii-e pour qu'il y ait election. Et si la Cliambre And if the House of Representa- 

des Representants ne choisit pas de President, ^^^"^ shall not choose a President 

, , 1 ., 11 1 • • 1 • 1 ' 1 whenever the rieht of choice shall 

quand le droit d en clioisir un Jui sera devoJu, , , *u x, t *\ 

1 _ _ ^ ' devolve upon them, before the 

avant le quatrienie jour du mois de mars suivant, fourth day of March next follow- 

alors le Vice-President exercera les f onctions de ing, then the Vice-President shall 

Pivsident, comme dans le cas de deces ou d'autre ^^^ '"^^ President, as in the case of 

., .•,.• 11 J r>''ii. T the death or other constitutional 

mcapacite constitutionnelle du President. Le ^.^^^.^.^^ ^^ ^^^^ p^^^.^^^^^ ^^^^ 

candidat, qui aura obtenu le plus grand nombre person having the greatest number 

de voix pour la Vice-Presidence, sera le Vice- of votes as Vice-President, shall be 

President, si ce nombre represente la majorite du t^^e Vice-President, if such number 

1 i i. 1 J -f^^ L J ' • ' • „: be a maiority of the whole number 

nombre total des Electeurs designes ; mais si „„, / • . ^ ^ ., 

° of Electors appointed; and lino per- 

personne n'a obtenu la majorite, alors, parmi les g^^ ^^^^^ ^ majority, then from the 
deux candidats ajant le plus grand nombre de two highest numbers on the list, 
voix sur la liste, le Senat choisira le Vice-Presi- t^e Senate shall choose the Vice- 
dent ; il suffira, pour cet objet, de la presence des P'-««>dent ^ a quorum for the pur^ 
' ' ^ •" '■ pose shall consist of two-thirds ot 
deux tiers du nouibre total des Senatem-s, et la the whole number of Senators, and 
majorite du nombre total sera necessaire pour a majority of the whole number 
qu'il y ait election. Mais nulle personne consti- shall be necessary to a choice. But 

. .. " 11 .L • 'T -t 1 £ i.' 1 T5 ' • no person constitutionally ineligi- 

tutionnellement ineligible aux ronctions de Presi- , , , ,, ^ „„ ./ , ,, 

" , . ble to the office ot President shall 

dentine sera eligible a celles de Vice-President be eligible to that of Vice-President 

des Etats- Unis. of the United states. 

Paragraphe 4. Le Congres pourra fixer Te- Clause 4. The Congress may de- 

poque de la nomination des Electeurs, et le jour ^^^'^''"' *^« ^'"^^ «* choosing the 

, ., , . , A 1 ^ Electors, and the day on which 

OU lis devront voter ; ce jour devra etre le meme ^^^^^ ^j^^^i ^.^^ t,^^.^ ^^,^^ . ^^.^^^ 

dans toute I'etendue des Etats- Unis. day shall be the same throughout 

the United States. 

Paragraphe 5. Nnl, a moins d'etre citoven de C'fewse 5. No person except a 

naissance, ou d'etre citoven des Etats- Unis a Ve- n^tural-bom citizen, or a citizen of 

J „ T . , 7 , ^ . . t'le United btates at the time of the 

pofjue de I adoption de la jpresente Constitxdion, ^^^^^^ ^^ ,;, -^ ComtUution, shall 

ne sera eligible aux fonctions de President ; et be eligible to the office of Presi- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

die Auswahl auf drei Namen beschranken imd Clause 5, p. 42. 

sollen bei dieser Wahl die Stimmen iiach Staa- I* is lawful for any person to 

. , , 1 jj-TTi-i. •! take uncoined gold or silver to the 

ten abo-eo-eben werden und die Vertretuner iedes . ^ . ^ ^ , . • j 

=* '^ '11 ™"^*' ^^ order to have it coined, 

Staates eiiie Stimme haben ; das W alilcoiiiite soil ^^^^ ^f charge, if not of less value 

aus einem oder inehreren Mitgliederii von zwei than one hundred dollars. 

Dritteln der Staaten bestehen und eine Majoritat Clause 8 p 42 

aller Staaten soil fiir eine Wahl erforderlich sein. ^^ ^^^^^^ may'have ihe exclu- 

Falls das Abgeordnetenhaus vor dem vierten give right to publish his book for 

Marz des folgenden Jahres nicht einen Prasi- twenty-eight years. This privilege 

denten erwahlen sollte, wenn das Eecht der is called a copyright, and is renew- 

Wahl ilim znstelit, so soil der Vice-Prasident als . ^ ^^" jeais. 

' A person may have the exclu- 

Priisident handeln, ebenso wie im Falle des give right to manufacture and sell 

Todes oder danernder Unfaliigkeit des Prasi- any machine of which he is the 

deuteil. Derjenige, welcher die hochste Stim- inventor, for seventeen years. This 

1 , p.. -V7-. -r. •• • 1 ^ 1 -li n -IT- privilege is called a patent right, 

menzalil rur Vice-rrasident erlialt, soli Vice- ,. " ,, , \ c .-. 

' ^ and IS renewable by act of Congress 

President sein, falls diese Stimmen die Mehr- q^i^^ 

zahl der ernannten Waliler bilden ; nnd wenn C'toise 10, p. 42. 

Niemand die Majoritat besitzt, soil der Senat ans The punishment for piracy or 

den zwei hoclisten Namen auf der Liste den felony committed on the high seas 

Vice-Prasidenten erwalilen ; das Wahlcomite zu is death. An action is done on the 

T rj 1 n • -r\ -L^ 1 ^ "high seas," when done beyond 

diesem Zweck soli aus zwei Dritteln der £:anzen , . , 

^ _ low water mark. 

Anzalil der Senatoren bestehen und eine Majori- 
tat der ganzen Zahl soil fiir eine Wahl erforder- ' 

!• 1 -^ Ai AT* A A c I^y letters of "marque and re- 

licli sein. Aber JNieniand, der verrassuno;so;emass . ,„ ^ . . 

" " prisal ' are meant commissions 

zum Amte des Prasidenten unfahig ist, soil zum granted by the government to a 

Yice-Prasidenten der Yereinigten Staaten er- private individual to seize and 

nannt werden konnen. take the property of a foreign 

state, or of its citizens or subjects, 

as a reparation for an injury com- 

Clausel 4. Der Congress kann die Zeit der mitted by such state or its sub- 

Wahl bestiraraen, anch den Tas, an welchem die ^^""^^ «'' ^^"^^"'' ^^'^ ^'^"''^^ " ^'^^ 

c^,. 1 1 T ^ n IT refused satisfaction. 

Stimmen aogeojeben werden sollen und dieser „ • i _ „ „ +oi-,-.,„ ^„ ^, 
" ^ Reprisal means a taking m re- 
Tag soil derselbe in den ganzen Vereinigten turn; marque means the passing 
Staaten sein. of the boundaries of a country for 

the purpose of such taking. 
Clausel 5. Niemand, ausgenommen ein eino;e- 

, T>.- ^ %■■ ^ -rr • ' Clause 13, V. 42. 
Dorener Jiurger, ocler wer Jiurger der Vereimq- 

c, . rr ', J A T T /-, In consequence of repeated hos- 

ten Staaten zur Zeit der AnnaJime dieser Con- tji-^i,, ,,p,„ ^^^ commerce in the 

Stitution war^ kann zum Amt des Prasidenten Mediterranean Sea, by the Bar 



56 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FKENCH. ENGLISH. 

nul ne sera eligible a ces fonctions, s'il n'a atteint dent ; neither siiail any person be 

i,» 1, ,• t. ' • rt ' i. elieible to tliat office who shall not 

I'aere de trente-cinq ans, et reside quatorze aiis , ^ . . . ., ^ .^. . 

° ^ ___ _ -^ ^ have attained to the age or thirty- 

anx jl<tatS-UlllS. g^g years, and been fourteen years 

resident within the United States. 
2'he italicized part is obsolete. 
Paragraphe 6. En eas de deposition du Presi- C'iawse 6. In case of the removal 

, , , ,-,,.. . •, » 1 of the President from office, or of 

dent, on de mort, demission, ou incapacite de , . , ^_ . ^. . '....^ 

' ' _ ' ^ . Ins death, resignation, or inability 

remplir les charges et devoirs de ses fonctions, ^^ discharge the powers and duties 

celles-ci seront devolues au Vice-President, et le of the said office, the same shall 

Congres ponrra, par une loi, pourvoir au cas de devolve on the Vice-President, and 

T, ... J. J ' • • • •!. ' i. i- A the Congress mav by law provide 

deposition, mort, demission ou mcapacite, tant du „ ^., * ,. " , j ., 
t^ ' ' r 7 Jqj. ^i^g gg^gg qJ. i-gmoval, death, re- 

President que du Vice-President, declarant quel signation, or inability, both of the 

fonctionnaire agira alors COmine President, et tout President and Vice-President, de- 
fonctionnaire agira en consequence jusqu'a ce que daring what officer shall then act 
1.. -^ ' •. ' -' 1 ' T3 ' • as President ; and such officer shall 

J mcapacite soit ecartee, ou qiiun nouveau Presi- ^ ^. ' ^., ^, ,. ,.,.^ 

^ _ ' ^ act accordingly until the disability 

(ient SOlt Gin. 1,^ removed, or a President shall be 

elected. 

Paragraphe 7. Le President recevra, a des Clause 7. The President shall, 

, 1 'i. • ' ' ' i- at stated times, receive for his ser- 

epoques determinees, une remuneration pour ses . ' . , . , , „ 

^ ^ '^ , , vices a compensation which shall 

services, laquelle ne devra etre ni augmentee ni ^^.^^^^^ ^^ increased nor dimin- 

diminuee pendant la periode pour laquelle il aura ished during the period for which 

etc elu ; et il ne recevra durant cette periode an- he shall have been elected, and 

cun autre traitement ni des Etats-Unis, ni d'aucun 

Etat. 



he shall not receive within that 
period any other emolument from 
the United States, or any of them. 

Paragraphe 8. Avant d'entrer en fonctions, le Clause 8. Before he enter on the 
President pretera serment ou f era I'affirmation sui- ^^^^^tion of his office, he shall take 

_ . / fr« \ 1 11 the following oath or affirmation : — 

A'ante :--" Je jure (ou affirme) solennellement que ., j ^^ ^^,^^,^^y ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ 

ije rem^lirai fidelement les fonctions de President that I will faithfully execute the 

• des Etats-Unis, et que je conserverai, protegerai office of President of the United 

.et defendrai, de mon mieux, la Constitution des ^^•'^*^^' ""''^ ^'"' t<^ ^^'^ ^^'* «^ "^^ 

-c<f f TT ' " ability, preserve, protect, and de- 

fend the Constitution of the United 
States. " 

Section II. — Paragraphe 1. Le President sera section \\.— Clause 1. The Pre- 

'commandant en chef de I'armee et de la marine sident shall be commander-in-chief 

des Etats-Unis, et de la milice des divers Etats, of the army and navy of the United 

J ,, . , . states, and of the militia of the 

quand celle-ci sera appelee au service actif des several states, when called into the 
Etats-Unis; il ponrra exiger I'opinion, par ecrit, actual service of the United states; 
du principal fonctionnaire de chacun des departe- l^e may require the opinion, in 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



57 



GEKMAN. 

erwalilt werden ; audi soil Niemand walilbar 
seiii, der niclit das Alter von fiiiifnnddreissig 
Jaliren erreiclit hat uiid vierzehn Jahre Eiii- 
wohner der Vereinigten Staateu gewesen ist. 

Clausel 6. Iiu Falle einer Amtsentsetzung des 
Pi'asidenten, oder im Falle seines Todes, seiner 
Resignation oder Unfahigkeit, die Pflichten sei- 
nes Aintes zu erfiillen, soil der Vice-Prasident 
dasselbe iibernehmen nnd der Congress kann 
durch Gesetze iin Falle von Entsetznng, Tod, 
Resignation oder Unfahigkeit sowohl des Prasi- 
deiiten wie des Vice-Prasidenten bestimmen, 
welcher Beamte als President handeln soil, der 
das Anit zu bekleiden hat, bis die Unfahigkeit 
gehoben oder ein neuer Prasident erwahlt wor- 
den ist. 

Clausel 7. Der Prasident soil zu bestimmter 
Zeit f iir seine Dienste eine Entschadigung erhal- 
ten, welche wahrend seiner Amtsdauer weder 
crhoht nocli vermindert werden soil, audi soil er 
wahrend dieser Zeit keine anderen Einkiinf te von 
den Yereinigten Staaten oder einem einzelnen 
Staate beziehen diirfen. 

Clausel 8. Ehe er sein Amt antritt, soil er 
den folgenden Eid leisten : — " leh schwore (oder 
versidiere) hiermit feierlidist, dass ich das Amt 
des Prasideiiten der Vereinigten Staaten treu 
verwalteii und nach meinen besten Kraften die 
Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten ei-halten, be- 
sdiiitzen und verteidigen will." 

Section II. — Clausel 1. Der Prasident ist 
01)erl)efehlshaber der Armee nnd der Marine 
der Vereinigten Staaten, so wie der Miliz der 
einzelnen Staaten, wenn solche zu activem Dien- 
ste der Vereinigten Staaten einberufen ist ; er 
kann von den obersten Beaniten jeder Regier- 



NOTES. 
bary powers, commencing in 1784, 
the House of Representatives, in 
1794, resolved " that a naval force, 
adequate to the protection of the 
commerce of the United States 
against the Algerine corsairs, ouglit 
to be provided." This was the 
origin of our navy. In 1797, three 
frigates, built in pursuance of the 
above resolution, were completed, 
and were named the Constitution, 
the United States, and the Con- 
stellation. They were the first 
three vessels commissioned for our 
service and constituted the whole 
of our naval force. 

Clause 17, p. 44. 

The object of this clause was to 
provide a permanent and secure 
location for the seat of govern- 
ment, which should not be within 
the bounds of a particular State, 
the inhabitants of which might in- 
sult or terrify Congress or inter- 
rupt its proceedings. 

In the year 1800, the seat of the 
national government was removed 
to the city of Washington, in the 
District of Columbia, a tract ten 
miles square, which had been 
ceded to the United States by the 
States of Maryland and Virginia. 
The portion derived from Virginia 
was ceded back to that State in 
1846, and the District is now con- 
fined to the Maryland side of the 
Potomac River. 

The seat of government had been 
established at Philadelphia, Pa., 
commencing September 5, 1774, 
and May 10. 1775; at Baltimore, 
December 20, 1776; at Philadel- 
phia, March 4, 1777 ; at Lancaster, 
Pa., September 27, 1777 ; at York, 
Pa., September 30, 1777 ; at Phila- 
delphia, July 2, 1778 ; at Prince- 



58 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

ments exucntifs, snr tout snjet relatif aux devoirs writing, of the principal officer in 

11 i- (-• ^ „ „!.• „. „4. :i „„ „ 1^ ,.^„ each of tlie executive departments, 

tie Jeurs ronctioiis respectives ; et n aura Je pou- , . , ^ ' 

^ , ^ -^ upon any subject relating to the 

voir d'accorder des sni-sis et des graces ponr ^^^.^^ ^^ ti^^i^ respective offices ; 
offenses erivers les Etats-Unis, exeepte dans les and he shall have power to grant 

Cas de niise en accusation. reprieves and pardons for offences 

against tlie United States, except 
in cases of impeachment. 



Paragra'pTie 2. II pourra, par et avec I'avis et Clame 2. He shall have power, 

le consentement du Senat, conclure des traites, byand with the advice and consent 

, , . 1 o ' , ' i of the Senate, to make treaties, 

pourvu que deux tiers des Senateurs presents provided two-thirds of the Senators 

soient d'accord ; et il designera, et par et avec I'avis present concur ; and he shall nomi- 

et le consentement du Senat, noininera les am- nate, and by and with the advice 

bassadeurs, les autres ministres publics et les con- a°<i consent of the Senate shall 

, , . 11/^ CI A i. J. 1 appoint ambassadors, other public 

suls, les luojes de la Cour Supreme, et tous les . _ , , • . ^., 

' J => _ <=, . , . ministers and consuls, judges of the 

autres fonctionnaires des Etats-Unis, a la nomina- supreme Court, and all other of- 

tion desquels il n'est pas autrement pourvu par fleers of the United states whose 

les presentes, et dont la nomination sera etablie appointments are not herein other- 

1 . • I /^ ' 1 • wise provided for, and which shall 

par une loi ; mais le Congres pourra, par une loi, ^^ ^f^^^j.^j^,^ by law, but the 

mvestir a son gre du droit de nommer certains congress may by law vest the ap- 

fonctionnaires subalternes, soit le President seul, pointment of such inferior officers, 

soit les cours de justice, soit les chefs de departe- ^s they think proper, in the Presi- 

, dent alone, in the courts of law, or 

in the heads of departments. 
Paragraphe 3. Le President aura le ponvoir Clause 3. The President shall 

de remplir tonte vacance qui viendrait a se pro- liave power to fill up all vacancies 

duire en I'absence du Senat, en accordant des that may happen during the recess 

, , ^ , - . of the Senate by granting commis- . 

commissions qui expireront a la fin de la session ^.^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^,^11 ^^^.^^ l^^^^^ ^^^ 

Suivante du Senat. of their next session. 

Section III. — Le President devra rendre Section III. —He shall from 

compte de temps en temps au Congres de la sitna- time to time give to the Congress 

tion de rUnion, et sonmettre a son examen toute i"for"^^tion of the state of the 

., . . , . Union, and recommend to their 

mesure qu i nisrerait necessaire et avantasreuse : j *• i i 

^ J &"- '• " '^ ^^^^^""- ^ ^^ «T tn.ui«w,«.^"'='^ , consideration such measures as he 

il pouria, en cas d'urgence, COnvoquer les deux shall judge necessary and expedi- 

Chambres, on Tune d'elles, et en cas de desaCCOrd ent; he may, on extraordinary oc- 

entre elles sur I'cpoque de leur aioui-nement, il '''''"'''"'' convene both houses, or 

, . < 11 1 \^^ ' either of them, and in case of dis- 

pourra les ajourner a telle date qu'il croira con- ag,,,^,„t between them with re- 

venable ; il recevra les ambassadeui-s et les autres spect to the time of adjournment, 

ministres publics ; il veillera a la fidele execution te may adjourn them to such time 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



69 



GERMAN. 

ungsabteilung deren schriftliclie Meinungsiins- 
serung in Beziig auf irgend eine in ihr liessort 
fallende Angelegenlieit einholen und er soil die 
Maclit liaben, Strafanfsclinb niid Begnadigungeii 
fiir Yergehen gegen die Vereinigten Staaten zu 
gewahren, ausgenommen im Falle von " Impeach- 
ment." 

Clausel 2. Er soil die Maclit liaben, auf den 
Rat und init der Zustimmung des Senates, Yer- 
trage abzuschl lessen, vorausgesetzt, dass zwei 
Drittel der anwesenden Senatoren einverstanden 
sind ; und er soil, auf den Eat und mit der Zu- 
stimmung des Senates, Gesandte und Consuln, 
Ricliter des obersten Gericlitshofes ernennen 
konnen, ebenfalls alle anderen Beamten der Yer- 
einigten Staaten, deren Ernennung liier niclit be- 
sonders vorgesehen ist und welclie durch Gesetz 
bestimmt werden wird ; aber der Congress kann 
die Ernennung soldier unteren Beamten, wenn an- 
gemessen, dem Prasidenten allein, den Gericlits- 
liofen oder den Departementscliefs iiberlassen. 

Clausel 3. Der President soil die Maclit lia- 
ben, alle Liicken, welche walirend der Senats- 
ferien eintreten, ausznfiilleu, docli sollen diese 
Yollmacliten am Ende der naclisten Sitzung ab- 
1 auf en. 

SECTioisr III. — Er soil von Zeit zu Zeit dem 
Congresse einen Bericlit iiber die Yerlialtnisse 
der Union einreiclien und seiner Beriicksiclitig- 
uiig solclie Massnahmen empfelilen, welclie er 
fiir notwendig und vorteilhaft erachtet ; er 
kann unter beso!idereii Umstanden beide Hauser 
oder eins von ilinen einberufen und im Falle 
einer Meinungsverscliiedenheit zvvisclien ilmen 
in Bezuo; auf eine Yertao-uno; kann er sie bis zu 
passender Zeit vertagen ; er soil Gesandte und 



NOTES. 

ton, N. J., June 30, 1783 ; at An- 
napolis, November 26, 1783 ; at 
Trenton, November 1, 17^4; at 
New York City, January 11, 1785; 
at Philadelphia, August 13, 1790. 

The inhabitants of the District 
of Columbia are not regarded as 
citizens of any State, and cannot 
therefore send Representatives to 
Congress or vote for President or 
Vice-President. They are liable, 
however, to be taxed by Congress, 
because the power "to lay and 
collect taxes " is a general one, 
without limitation of place ; and 
their local affairs are regulated by 
Congress. The jurisdiction of Con- 
gress over places purchased by the 
general government, with the con- 
sent of a State, is exclusive. The 
State cannot punish for oITences 
committed there. 

Section IX. — Clause 1, p. 44. 

This clause is obsolete. 

Before the Revolution, several 
of the Colonies passed laws pro- 
hibiting the importation of slaves ; 
but these laws were negatived by 
the British Government. 

Congress forbade the fitting out 
of slave vessels, March 22, 1794. 

One of the main objects of this 
clause was to enable Congress to 
put an end to the introduction of 
slaves after the year 1808, and to 
restrain their importation until 
then by a tax ; but the clause in- 
cludes within its language the mi- 
gration of other persons as well as 
the importation of slaves. 

On January 1, 1808, Congress 
imposed heavy penalties upon per- 
sons engaged in the slave-trade ; 
and in 1820 declared the slave- 
trade to be piracy, punishable with 
death. (See Appendix, Table E ) 



00 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

des lois, et nominera tous les fonctionnaires des as he shall think proper ; he shall 

EtatS-Unis. receive ambassadors and other pub- 

lic ministers ; he shall take care 
that the laws be faithfully execut- 
ed, and shall commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Section I Y. — Le President, le Vice-President, Section IV. —The President, 

et tons les fonctionnaires civils des EtatS-Unis, Vice-President, and all civil officers 

seront deposes s'ils sont accnses et convaincns de °* "'^ ^"^^^"^ ^*'''^"''' ^^'""^^ ^^ '"'■ 

. ,. J ^. 1, . 1 . moved from office on impeachment 

trahison,de corruption, oudautres grands crimes f„r, and conviction of, treason, 

oil dellts. bribery, or other high crimes and 

misdemeanors. 



ARTICLE III — Departement judiciaire. ARTICLE III.— Judicial Department. 

Section L — Le pouvoir judiciaire des fitats- Section I.— The judicial power 
Unis est remis a une Cour Supreme, et a toutes ^'^ ^^''^ ^"'*^^ states shall be vested 

. r, . 1 /-N 7 , "1 o"« Supreme Court, and in such 

COUrs inferieures que le Congres pourra de temps inferior courts as the Congress may 

a autre creer et etablir. Les jnges, tant ceux de from time to time ordain and es- 

la Cour Supreme que ceux des cours inferieures, tablish. The judges, both of the 

resteront en fonctions tant qu'ils se conduiront ^"P^^'^'' ^''^ ^"^♦'"O'- ««"''t^' ^^^'l 
1 • , , , 1 , . , hold their offices during good be- 

bien, et recevront, a epoques determmees, pour i,^,,;,^, and shall, at stated times, 
leurs services, un traitement qui ne pourra ^tre receive for their service.'! a compen- 
diminue pendant la duree de leurs fonctions. sation which shall not be dimin- 

ished during their continuance in 
office. 

Section IL — Paragraphe 1. Le pouvoir judi- Section II.— 67a wse 1. The jn- 
ciaires'etendraatouslescas, deloi on d'cquitCjqui ^^^^^^ P"^^*" ^^^^^ extend to all 
naitront sous la presente Constitution, les lois des 'T' ^7 ^?'! T''^\ '"f'"^ 

-g, jr . - • f r under this Constitution, the laws 

Etats-UniS, et les traites faits, OU a faire, sous of the United states, and treaties 
leur autorite ; — a tous les Cas affectant les ambas- made, or which shall be made, nn- 

sadeurs, les aiitresministres publics, et les consuls* ^^^ ^^^^^ authority ;— to all cases 

—a tous les cas d'amiraute et de iuridiction mari- ''*^^*'*'"g embassadors, other public 

4.,- ,^ . . ^ .. ,., ministers, and consuls ; — to all 

lime, — aux contestations auxnuelles anront -r^art * ^ • i^ ^ 

J ^ aiiAi^uciics ctiiiuiu pan cases of admiralty and maritime 

les EtatS-Unis ; — aux contestations entre deux jurisdiction ;— to controversies to 
Etats OU davantage ; — entre un Etat et les eitoyens ^^i^h the United states shall be a 
d'un autre Stat;— entre les eitoyens de differents "^""'^^ '~*° controversies between 

tPfofo . ^.,«. •*. 1 ^ '' -f=, , , two or more States; — between a 

Etats,-entre eitoyens du meme Etat reclamant state and citizens of another state ; 
des terres sons des concessions de differents Etats, —between citizens of different 



CONSTITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES. 



61 



GERMAN. 

Bev'ollmaclitigte empfangeii ; er soil Sorge tra- 
geiu dass die Gesetze treu befolgt werden und 
soil alle Beainte der Vereinigten Staaten be- 
stallen. 

Section IV. — Der Priisident, Yice-Prasident, 
so wie alle Civilbeamten der Vereinigten Staa- 
ten sollen, im Falle einer Anklage nnd Yerur- 
teilung wegen Verrat, Bestechniig oder anderer 
seliwerer Verbreclieu nnd Vergehen, ilire Amter 
verlieren. 

ARTIKEL III.— Abteilung, die richterliche Gewalt 
betreffend. 

Section I. — Die richterliche Gewalt der Ver- 
einigten Staaten soil aus einem obersten Ge- 
richtshofe nnd solchen niederen Gerichtshofen, 
welche der Congress von Zeit zu Zeit einsetzen 
kann, bestehen. Die Kichter sowohl des ober- 
sten wie der niederen Gerichtshofe sollen ihr 
Amt verwalten, so lange sie dasselbe gut fiihren 
und sollen zu bestinimten Zeiten fiir ihre Dienste 
eine Vergiitung erhalten, welche Nvahrend ihrer 
Amtsdauer nicht verringert werden soil. 

Section II. — Clausel 1. Diese richterliche Ge- 
walt soil sich erstrecken auf alle Rechtsfalle, 
welciie unter diese Constitution, die Gesetze und 
die Vertrage der Vereinigten Staaten fallen ; auf 
alle Falle, welche Gesandte, offentliche Beamte 
und Consuln betreffen ; auf alle Falle von Adnii- 
ralitats- nnd Marine-Justiz ; auf Streitfragen, in 
denen die Vereinigten Staaten beteiligt sind; auf 
Streitfragen zwischen zwei oder inehreren Staa- 
ten ; zwischen eineni Staate nnd Biirgern eines 
anderen ; zwischen Biirgern verschiedener Staa- 
ten ; zwischen Biirgern desselben Staates, welche 
Grundeisrentuni mit Bewillioruns verschiedener 



NOTES. 
Clause 3, p. 44. 

The words habeas corpus mean 
"that you have the body." 

The object of this clause is to 
prevent illegal imprisonment. 

Any person who thinks himself 
unlawfully confined or imprisoned, 
may petition a judge to be brought 
into open Court, in order that the 
cause of his imprisonment may be 
inquired into. 

Clause 3, p. 46. 

A Bill of Attainder is a Bill 
passed by a Legislature, convict- 
ing a person of crimes and punish- 
ing him therefor without a regular 
trial. 

The objection to such a Bill is 
that it deprives the citizen of his 
inalienable right of trial by jury. 

Ex-post-facto laws are those made 
after the act has been done. 

Clause 5, p. 46. 

This clause prevents Congress 
from injuring the commercial in- 
terests of any one of the States. 

Clause 7, p. 46. 

The government of the United 
States cannot be sued by persons 
who have claims against it. Their 
only mode of redress is to obtain 
an act of Congress appropriating 
money from the Treasury to pay 
the claims. 

Clause 8, p. 46. 

The political equality of all the 
citizens is a fundamental principle 
in our government. 

The prohibition does not extend 
to citizens who hold ofSces of profit 
or trust under a State. 

Gifts from foreign princes are 
sometimes sent to the President. 
They are deposited in the public 
offices or sold by order of Congress. 



62 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FEENCH. 

et eiitre nn Etat, ou les citojens du dit J^tat, et 
les etats, citojens on snjets etrangers. 



Paragra/pKe 2. Dans tons les cas affectant les 
anibassadenrs, les autres niinlsti-es publics, et les 
consuls, et ceux dans lesquels un Etat sera partic, 
la Cour Supreme jugera en premier ressoit. Dans 
tons les autres cas sus-mentionnes, la Cour Su- 
preme jugera en appel, tant en point de droit 
qu'en point de fait, sous telles exceptions et re- 
gies que poun-a faire le Congres. 

Paragrwphe 3. Le jugement de tons les crimes, 
excepte dans les cas d'accusation publiqne, sei-a 
fait par jurj, et le dit jugement aura lieu dans 
TEtat ou. les dits crimes auront ete commis ; rnais 
quand ils n'auront ete commis dans aucun Etat, 
le jugement sera fait en tel lieu ou en tels lieux 
que le Congres aura designe par une loi. 



ENGLISH. 

States ; — between citizens of tlie 
same State claiming lauds under 
grants of different States, and be- 
tween a State, or the citizens there- 
of, and foreign states, citizens, or 
subjects. 

Clause 2. In all cases affecting 
ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls, and those in which 
a State shall be a party, the Supreme 
Court shall have original jurisdic- 
tion. In all the other cases before 
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as 
to law and fact, with such excep- 
tions and under such regulations 
as the Congress shall make. 

Clause 3. The trial of all crimes, 
except in cases of impeachment, 
shall be by jury, and such trial 
shall be held in the State where 
the said crimes shall have been 
committed ; but when not com- 
mitted within any State, the trial 
shall be at such place or places as 
the Congress may by law have di- 
rected. 



Section III. — ParagrajpKe 1. La trahison en- 
vers les Etats- Unis consistera seulement a susciter 
la guerre contre eux, ou a prendre parti pour leurs 
ennemis, en donnant a ceux-ci aide et protection. 

Paragraphe 2. Nul ne sera convaincu de tra- 
liison, si ce n'est sur le temoignage de deux tc- 
moins du meme acte flagrant, ou sur un aveu en 
pleiue cour. 

Paragraphe 3. Le Congres aura le pouvoir de 
declarer la peine de la trahison ; mais aucune 
interdiction civile pour cause de traliison n'en- 
trainera la decheance du sang, ni la forfaiture, 
excepte durant la vie de la personne interdite. 



Section \\\.— Clause 1. Trea- 
son against the United States shall 
consist only in levying war against 
them, or in adhering to their ene- 
mies, giving them aid and com- 
fort. 

Clause 3. No person shall be con- 
victed of treason, unless on the 
testimony of two witnesses to the 
same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

Clause 3. The Congress shall 
have power to declare the punish- 
ment of treason ; but no attainder 
of treason shall work corruption of 
blood, or forfeiture, except during 
the life of the person attainted. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



63 



GERMAN. 

Staaten beanspruchen uud zwisclien einei'n Staate, 
oder dessen Burgern uiid frenideii Staaten und 
deren Biirgern. 



Clausel 2. In alien Fallen, welche Gesandte, 
andere oifentliclie Beatnte und Consuln betreffen, 
so wie in solchen Fallen, in denen ein Staat eine 
Partei ist, soil der oberste Gerichtsliof ausschliess- 
licli Reclit sprechen. In alien anderen, vorlier 
erwalinten Fallen soil der oberste Gerichtsliof 
Appellations-Instanz sein, niit solchen Ausnah- 
nien und unter solchen Bedingungen, wie sie voni 
Congress bestimnit werden. 

Clausel 3. Der Process fiir alle Yerbrechen, 
ausgenonitnen in Fallen von " Impeachment," soil 
vor Geschvvorenen verhandelt werden und die 
Verhandlung soil in dem Staate stattfinden, in 
dem das Yerbrechen begangen worden ist ; aber 
wenn nicht in einem bestimmten Staate began- 
gen, soil der Process an solchen Platzen statt- 
finden, welche der Congress durch Gesetze dazu 
bezeichnet. 

Section III. — Clausel 1. ITochverrat gegen 
die Yereinigten Staaten soil nur in einer Kriegs- 
erklarung gegen dieselben, oder in den Feinden ge- 
leistetem oder zu leistendem Beistande bestehen. 

Clausel 2. — Niemand soil wegen Hochverrat 
verurteilt werden, wenn niclit auf Zeugniss von 
zwei Zeugen, oder auf Gestandniss vor offenem 
Gerichtshofe. 

Clausel 3. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, 
Hochverrath zu bestrafen ; aber keine Yerurteil- 
nno; weo;en Hochverrats soil Fainilienschanduno; 
noch Eigentumsverfall in sicli schliessen, ansge- 
noramen wiihrend der Lebenszeit des Yerurteilten. 



NOTES. 

Sometimes Congress makes otlier 
presents in return. 

Section X. — Clause 1, p. 46. 

During the Revolutionary war, 
bills of credit were issued by Con- 
gress, and are known as "Conti- 
nental Money." They were issued 
to the amount of about $350,000,- 
000, and gradually depreciated in 
value till they became worthless. 

Charters of incorporation, grant- 
ed to private persons by a State 
Legislature, have been regarded as 
contracts between the corporations 
and the States, and they cannot 
therefore be altered, repealed, or 
impaired by the Legislature, with- 
out the consent of the incorporated 
body, unless the power to do so is 
reserved in the original act of in- 
corporation. 

By "Bills of Credit" is meant 
paper money or promises to pay 
issued by a State in siich a way as 
to be used as a circulating me- 
dium. 

A legal tender Is such an offer of 
payment as the creditor is obliged 
to accept or forfeit his claim to in- 
terest. 

The Supreme Court has decided 
that the States may pass insolvent 
laws, discharging contracts in cer- 
tain cases, in reference to future 
contracts, but not to those which 
are past. 

ARTICLE II — Section l.—Cl. 1, p. 48. 

Four years, the period finally 
agreed upon, is intermediate be- 
tween two years, the period for 
which Representatives are chosen, 
and six years, the period for which 
Senators are chosen ; so that, in 
one Presidential term the House 
of Representatives may be twice 



G4 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

ARTICLE! rV. — Dispositions generalea. ARTICLE IV.— General Provisions. 

Section I. — Foi et confiance entieres seront Section I.— Full faith and credit 
accordees dans chaque Etat aux actes publics, ar- ^^^^^^ ^^ s^^«" "^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ *« *''« 

. , . . . , , public acts, records and judicial 

chives et procedures 3 udlCiaires de tous les autres proceedings of every other state ; 

Etats ; et le Congres pourra, par des lois gene- and the Congress may by general 

rales, prescrire la fa90n dont les ditS actes, ar- laws prescribe the manner in which 

chives et procedures pourront etre legalises, et «"«'' ^^^s, records and proceedings 
, rv i 1 T . shall be proved, and the effect 

les ettets des dits actes. thereof 

Section II. — Parographe 1. Les citoyeiis de Section II. — Claim 1. The 
chaque Etat auront droit a tous les privileges et citizens of each state shall be en- 

.,,!., 1 1 J- -f^. . titled to all privileges and immuni- 

luiuiuuites de citoyeris dans les divers ii.tats. .. „ .^. . ° , „, ^ 

•^ ties 01 citizens in the several States. 

Paragrajphe 2. Toute persoiine accusee dans un Clame 2. A person charged in 
Etat de trahison, felonie, ou autre crime, laqueile ^^^ state with treason, felony, or 

r . 1 • ,. , , '1 , other crime, who shall flee from 

aura tui la lustice, et sera trouvee dans un autre . ^. :, \ ^ 

J :> ^ ^ justice, and be found in another 

Etat, devra, sur la demande de 1 autonte execu- gt^te, shall, on demand of the ex- 
tive de I'Etat d'ou elle s'est enfuie, etre livree, ecutive authority of the state from 
pour etre rainenee dans I'Etat qui a juridiction which he fled, be delivered up, to 

1 • be removed to the State having iu- 

sur le crime. .-,... „ ., . 

nsdiction of the crime. 

N.B. — Clause 3 is obsolete. 
Paragraphe 3. Aucune personne temie d tin Clauses. No person Jield toser- 
service ou d un travail dam un Etat, sous les lois «^*^ <^^' ^^^^'^ ^>^ <>"« 'Stoi!^, under the 

du dit Etat, s'echavvant dmis un autre, ne pourra, '^^J, '^'''''^^ escaping into another, 
' ^-^ , siuM, in consequence of any law or 

par suiU dJaucuiie lov ou regie de cet autre, etre regulation therein, be discharried 
dechargee du dlt service ou travail, viais devra from such service or labor, but shall 
etre livree, sur la reclamation de la jpersonne d be delivered up on claim of the party 

qui est du le dit service ou travail, f ^"'^"^ ''^'^' '''''^ '^^ ^"^^^ "'^'^ 

-^ be due. 

Section III. — Paragraphe 1. De nouveaux Section III. — Clause 1. New 

Etats pourront etre admis par le Congres dans States may be admitted by the Con - 

, , TT • • -fS- i gress into this Union ; but no new 

cette Union: mais aucun Jlitat nouveau ne sera o, ^ , ,, , * , ^ , 

' state shall be formed or erected 

forme, ou erige dans les limites de la juridiction withinthe jurisdiction of any other 
d'aucun autre Etat ; ni aucun Etat ne pourra etre state -, nor any state be formed by 
forme par I'union de deux ou plusieurs Etats ou ^^^^ junction of two or more states, 

. . i,v^, , 1 , / J T ' • or parts of States, without the con- 

parties d Etats, sans le consentement des Legis- \. e^i t • , . c^.-, c. . 

^ '.,,.. , sentof the Legislatures of the states 

iatures des Etats interesses ainsi que du Congres. concerned as well as of the Con- 
gress. 

Paragraphe 2. Le Congres aura le pouvoir de Clause 2. The Congress shall 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 65 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

_____„ _^ ... , _ . wholly changed and two thirds of 

ARTIKBL IV.-AUgemeine Bestimmungen. ^^^ g^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ 

Section I. — Die offentlichen Acte, Erlasse There is nothing in the Consti- 
und gerichtlichen Yerhandlungen eines Staates tution to limit the number of terms 

,, . , CI 11 TT- c 1 1 for which a President may be elect- 

sollen in den anderen Staaten voile Kraft haben ^^. ^ut, as Washington declined 

und der Congress kann durch allgemeine Gesetze to be a candidate again at the close 

die Art iind Weise bestimmen, in der diese Acte, of his second term of office, his 

Erlasse und Yerhandlungen rechtskraftlg werden ^^''^™P^" ^'^' ^""^^'^ ^ precedent 

"^ by which most subsequent Presi- 

SOlien. dents have guided themselves. 

Section II, — Clausel 1. Die Burger eines The office of Vice-President was 
Staates sollen alle Privilegien und Yorrechte der ^''^^*^*^ ^^ °'''^^'" *^^* "^«^« °^'g>^* 

-r,.. . T 1 n, i • ^^ some person to succeed the 

Burger in den anderen Staaten geniessen. President, in case of his removal 

Clausel 2. Eine Person, welche in einem Staate from office, or of his death, resig- 

wegen Yerrat oder anderer Yerbrechen verfolgt "^*^o"' «"■ "^^biiity to discharge his 

. , T ,, -IT i-nii,i /-I'l, duties : and also because it would 

wird und welclie sich durch llucht dem Genchte » ., ,. « x .i 

furnish a presiding officer to the 

entzieht und in einem anderen Staate angetroffen senate, who would be most likely 

wirdjSoll auf Yerlangen der Beliorden des Staates, to be impartial, inasmuch as he is 

von welchem sie entflohen ist, ansgeliefert und ^^^""^^^ ^^ *^^« ^^""^^ country and 
,, o,. 11 -1 -nii-r»ii. <ioes not represent a particular 

nacli dern Staate, welcher in dem J^alle Kecht zu g^ ^ 

sprechen hat, abgef iilirt werden. Clause 2, p. 48. 

Clausel 3. memand, der in Dienst und Ar- ^^^^ President and Vice-Presi- 

,... . ci, , . -I ry , .7, -I dent are not chosen by the people 

belt %n ei7ieni l^taate unter aessen (jresetsen stent und ,. ., , ., x a CT?^ . 

directly, but by a body of Electors, 

nach einem anderen entftieht^ soil wegen irgend called the "Electoral College." 
welcher Gesetze in letzerem von diesetn Dienste The framers of the Constitution 
und dieser Arheltfrei gemacht, sondern auf Ver- ^e'^e^ed that a small number of 

1 ,.. y • rt ij _o T A 1 'A men, selected for that purpose on 

lanqen desieniqen. der em lieckt auf diese Arbeit ^ ^ ^x, • • ^ . 

iJ J ^ <> ^ ■/ account of their wisdom and patri- 

hat^ ausgeotejert werden. otism, meeting separately in their 

Section lll.-Clausel 1. Neue Staaten konnen respective states, would not be li- 

.T TT- r ^"^^ '■o "® influenced by the excite- 

durch Congressbeschlnss in diese Union aufge- ments of a popular election, or by 
nommen werden ; aber kein neuer Staat soil in- intrigue or corruption ; but would 
nerhalb der Gerichtsbarkeit eines anderen Staates be independent in their action, 

erriehtet werden ; audi soil kein Staat durch Yer- ^"^^ ^''""^"'^ ^'^ "^"^"^" ^'^'^'''- 
. . • 1 1 n 11 ately the merits of the candidates, 

einigung von zwei oder tnehr Staaten oder deren ^^^ therefore likely to make a 
Teilen gebildet werden, ohne die Zustiminung wise selectioni 
der betreffenden Legislaturen der interessierten I» ™a°y respects^ the object 

Staaten und des Congresses. ^^'^'^^ ^^^ ^""^"^^'^ °^ ^^'« <^°"«"- 

^ tution sought to obtain by the sys- 

Clausel 2. Der Congl-ess soil die Macht haben, tem of Electors has hitherto failed 



G6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

prendre les dispositions et de faire tontes les lois have power to dispose of and make 

^ , , , , . t 1 J- •<- • ^ allueedful rules and regulations 

et reo- ements necessaires concernant Je terntoire ., . * *i 

o , . respecting the territory or otlier 

on autre propriete appartenant anx Etats-Unis ; property belonging to the United 

et rien, dans la presente Constitution, ne pourra states; and nothing in this Con- 

etre interprets de maniere a infirnier aucun droit stitution shall be so construed as to 

, -fs , TT • ji -r^i. i. i.' T prejudice any claims of the United 

des Etats-Unis, on d un ilitat particuher. f,'^ „- .• , c* * 

' ^ States, or of any particular State. 

Section IV.— Les Etats-Unis devront garantir Section IV.— The United States 

, -f^. - 1 i.^ TT • £ ' shall guarantee to every State in 

a chaque Etat de cette Union une tonne repu- ^, . * . ,,• ' * p 

i . ^ ^ this Union a republican lorm or 

blicaine de gouverneinent, et proteger chacun go^gj.j^j^g„t,^jjd shall protect each 

d'eux contre une invasion, et aussi, sur deinande of them against invasion, and on 

de la Legislature, ou de I'executif (si la Legisla- application of the Legislature, or 

"".A^ »N ii-t-of the executive (when the Legis- 

ture ne peut etre con voquee), contre toute vio- , ■ .^ ,. ■ . 

^ T. /' lature cannot be convened), against 

lence interieure. domestic violence. 



ARTICLE v.— Droit d'Amendement. ARTICLE v. -Power of Amendment. 

LeCongres,qnand deux tiers de chaque cliambre ^he Congress, whenever two- 

, . , \ J thirds of both houses shall deem it 

le]ugerontnecessaire,devra proposer des amende- necessary, shall propose amend- 
ments a la presente Constitution, ou, sur la de- ments to this Constitution, or, on 
mande des Legislatures de deux tiers des divers the application of the Legislatures 

-fs, .11 i • of two-thirds of the several States, 

Etats, devra appeler une convention pour propo- "'^ '-"" ''"" . ^ 

\'- . ' shall call a convention for propos- 

ser des amendements qui, dans 1 un ou 1 autre .^^ amendments, which, in either 

cas, seront valables pour toutes fins et intentions, case, shall be valid to all intents 

comtiie faisant partie de la presente Constitution, and purposes, as part of this Con- 

lorsqu'ils auront ete ratifies par les Legislatures «^5*^^«°"' ^'f " ^^"J*^^ ^7 "'^ ^;- 

^ IT -fS 1 gislatures of three-fourths of the 

■de trOlS quarts des divers Etats, ou par des con- several States, or by conventions in 
ventions dans trois quarts des dits Etats, selon three-fourths thereof, as the one or 

■que I'un ou I'autre mode de ratification pourra the other mode of ratification may 

etre propose par le Congres ; pourvu qu'aUCUn l^e proposed by the Congress ; pro- 
'^ , . ■;, , . vided that no amendment which 

amendement qui pourrait etre tait anterieurement ^^^, ^,^ ^^^^ ^^.^^ t^ ^l^^ ^.^^„ ^^^^ 

a Fannee mil huit cent liuit n'affecte en quoi que thousand eight hundred and eight 

ce-soit le premier et le quatrieme paragraphe de shall in any manner affect the first 

la neuviemc section du premier article; et qu'au- ^^^^ f^"""*^ ^^'^"^^^ "^ *^'^ "^"*'^ 

^ . . , . . ^ section of the first article; and that 

eun Etat ne soit prive, sans son consentement, de ^^ g^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^„^^„^^ ^^^^^^ 
son suffrage egal au Seuat. te deprived of its equal suffrage in 

the Senate. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 67 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

alle notigen Anordnungen nnd Bestimmungen to be accomplished. In actual 

uberdas Gebiet oder airderes Eisentnm der Ver- P^^'^"^^' the Electors are chosen 

. . ,'".,.,. tor the express purpose or voting 

eiingteii Staaten zii treften nnd niclits m dieser ^^^ particular candidates, to do 

Constitntion soil zuni Schaden der Yereinigten which they are sometimes even 

Staaten oder einzelner Staaten ausgelegt werden pledged beforehand ; they are ex- 

Vx...>^., pected to cast their votes for those 

Konnen. '■ 

candidates only, and not to exer- 

Section IV.— Die Yereinigten Staaten sollen ^'f any freedom of choice them- 

. " , , selves. It may nevertheless some- 

jedem emzelnen Staate dieser Union erne repnbli- ti.aes happen that the selection 

kanische Regiei-nngsform garantieren und sollen mnst be really made by the Elec- 

jeden Staat beschiitzen gegen Einfalle von Anssen, tors, as, for instance, in case of the 

so wie auf Yerlangen der Legislatur oder der ff^ "^ ?" or more of the can- 

.111 /r n T X • 1 • 1 • didates before the election takes 

Execntivbehorde (rails die Legislatnr .niclit em- ^^^^ 

berufen werden kann) gegen innere Unrulien. Each state is secured the same 

relative influence in the choice of 
President and Vice-President that 
it has in Congress. 

ARTIKEL v.— VoUmacht fOr Abanderungen. Clause 3, p. 50. 

Der Congress soil, wenn zwei Drittel beider At the election of the fourth 

Ilanser es ^lotig tinden, Andernngen an dieser President, the electoral votes for 

. . ^ p * Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr 

Constitution VOrschlagen, oder soil auf Antrag were equal, and each received the 

der Legislatttren von zwei Dritteln der einzelnen votes of seventy-three Electors. 

Staaten, eine Yersauinilung berufen, urn Ander- The House of Representatives pro- 

ungen vorzunelnnen, welche in alien Fallen und ''^'^''^ *« ^^^^"^^ a President. On 

^ T n T-r c 1 1 th® fi'"^t ballot, eight States voted 

fiir alio Zwecke dieselbe Kraft liaben sollen, als j^,. -Thomas Jefferson, six states 

wenn sie einen Teil dieser Constitution bildeten, for Aaron Burr, and the votes of 

sobald sie dnreli die Legislaturen von drei Yier- t^o states were divided. There 

teln der einzelnen Staaten oder durcli offentliche ^"'"^ ^*^'" '^^*''" ^^''^^"^ "' ^^'^ 

■XT 1 . , . -tr- Union. 

Yersammlnngen in arei Yierteln derselben be- ^he balloting continued nearly 

statigt werden nnd soil die eine oder die andere a week, and thirty five ballots 

Weise dieser Bestatigung vom Congresse be- '"'ere had, with the same result 

stinimt werden, voraus^esetzt, dass keine Aban- ^'^ ^^'"^ ^'•'*- '^''^ ^*'"^'''^ '^^'^ ^*''- 

, 1 T 1 ^'orvr, 1 • 1 11 r^*^^ on with violent partv spirit. 

derung vor dem Jalire IhOS gemaelit wird, welche fj,,,,,^.^ ^,, ^he thirty sixth ballot 

in irgend einer Weise Clausel eins und vier in der Thomas Jefferson received the votes 

neunten Abteilnng des ersten Artikels betrifft of a majority of the States and was 

nnd dass kein Staat olme seine Zustimmung seines ^^^^^''^^ President; Aaron Burr, 

, . , ^^. 1 i • o T -^ 1 having the next highest number of 

gleichen Stmniirecbtes im Senate verlustig gehen ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Vice-President. 

soil. To prevent the recurrence of 



68 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

ARTICLE VI. — Dispositions diverses. ARTICLE VI. — Miscellaneous PTovi- 

sions. 

Paragraphe 1. Toutes les dettes contractees, Clame l. All debts contracted, 
et tons les engagements pris avant I'adoption de ^^^ engagements entered into, be- 
la presente Constitution, seront anssi y^\i^^^ ^oveil^.^^o^iion oixir., Con.iiin. 

^ ^ •JIT tion, shall be as valid against the 

contre les Etats-Unis sous 1 empire de la dite united states under this Constitu- 
Constitution, que sous la Confederation. tion, as under the Confederation. 



Paragraphe 2. La presente Constitution, et Clause 2. This Constitution, and 

les lois des Etats-Unis qui seront faites en conse- *^^® laws of the United states which 

1 .^ r^ .•, i.' i. i 1 J. -A.' shall be made in pursuance there- 

quence de cette Constitution, et tous les traites , i „ . ^- ^ , . i 

*■ ' ^ ^ of ; and all treaties made, or which 

f aits OU a f aire sous I'autorite des Etats-Unis, shall be made, under the authority 

seront la loi supreme du pays; et les juges de of the United States, shall be the 

chaque Etat seront lies par cette loi ; nonobstant supreme law of the land ; and the 

,. .^. i • J 1 n i.-i i.' judges in every State shall be bound 

toute disposition contraire dans la Constitution \ , ,, . . ^, ^ 

i^ ^ thereby, any thing m the Constitu- 

oa les lois d'un Etat quelconque. tion or laws of any state to the con- 
trary notwithstanding. 

Paragraphs 3. Les Senateurs et Representants Clause 3. The Senators and 

SUS-mentionnes, et les membres des diverses Le- Representatives before mentioned, 

^ , -. , . , and the members of the several 

gislatures d Etat, et tous les fonctionnaires exe- gt^te Legislatures, and all execu- 

ciitifs et judiciaires, taut des Etats-Unis que des tive and judicial officers, both of 

divers Etats, seront tenus, par serment ou affir- the United states and of the sev- 

mation, de soutenir la- presente Constitution; eral states, shall be bound by oath 

. , or a^rmation to support this Con- 

inais aucune qualification religieuse ne sera re- stitution ; but no religious test shall 

quise COmme titre a un emploi ou poste public ever be required as a qualification 

sous les Etats-Unis. to any office or public trust under 

the United States. 

ARTICLE VII.— Ratification d© la Constitution. ARTICLE vil.-Ratification of the 

Constitution. 

La ratification par les Conventions de neuf The ratification of the conven- 

fitats suffira pour I'etablissement de la presente *'^"^ ^^ "^"^ states shall be suf- 

/^^^„i.'i.„. -^ i. 1 -C^i. i. -11 J. • • ficient for the establishment of this 

Constitution entre les Etats qui 1 auront ainsi „ _,., ,. , , ., c . 

, - Constitution between the States so 

1 atlliee. ratifying the same. 

Fait en convention, par le consentement unanime Done in convention, by the un- 

des Etats presents, le dix-septieme jour de sep- animous consent of the states 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



69 



GERMAN. 

ARTISEL VI. — Verschiedene Bestimmungen. 

Clausel 1. Alle Schulden und Verbindlichkei- 
ten, welche vor Aiinahme dieser Constitution ein- 
gegangen sind, sollen dieselbe Reclitsgiiltigkeit 
gegen die Vereinigten Staaten unter dieser Con- 
stitution, wie gegen die friiliere Confoderation 
liaben. 

Clausel 2. Diese Constitution und die Gesetze 
der Yereinigten Staaten, welclie in Folge dersel- 
ben erlassen werden sollen, ebenfalls alle bisheri- 
gen und zuktinftigen Yertrage, welche unter Zu- 
etimmung der Yereinigten Staaten abgeschlossen 
werden sollen, sollen die oberste Reclitsgrundlage 
des Landes bilden und die Richter in irgend 
einein Staate sollen daran gebunden sein, trotz 
der etwa damit in Widersprucli stehenden Yer- 
fassung oder Gesetze der einzelnen Staaten. 

Clausel 3. Die Senatoren und Abgeordneten, 
so wie die Mitglieder der verscliiedenen Staats- 
legislaturen, eben so wie alle Gerichts- und Civil- 
beamten der Yereinigten Staaten und der ein- 
zelnen Staaten, sollen durcli Eid oder Bekraftig- 
ung an Eides Statt gebunden sein, diese Consti- 
tution anfrecht zu erlialten ; aber der religiose 
Glaube soil nichts mit einer Befahigung zu einem 
Amte oder offentlichen Yertrauensposten unter 
den Yereinigten Staaten zu thun haben. 

ARTDIEIi Vn.— Bestatigung der Constitution. 

Die Bestatigung der " Conventionen " von 
neiin Staaten soil geniigend sein, uni diese Yer- 
fassung zwischen den zustimmenden Staaten in 
Wirksanikeit treten zu lassen. 

So geschehen in Yersammlung laut einstimmigen 
Beschlusses der anwesenden Staaten, am 17 



NOTES, 
such a state of things, Congress, on 
December 12, 1803, proposed to 
the Legislatures of the States an 
amendment to this part of the Con- 
stitution, which was adopted by 
three-fourths of the States, and 
was proclaimed by the President 
as a part of the Constitution, Sep- 
tember 25, 1804, and therefore 
takes the place of the original 
clause as the Twelfth Amendment 
to the Constitution. 

The amendment still leaves with 
Congress the right to elect a Pres- 
ident and Vice-President, where 
there is no election by the people ; 
but it changes the mode of proce- 
dure. The principal alterations are 
the following : The Electors, instead 
of voting generally for two persons, 
are to vote for one person for Pres- 
ident and one person for Vice-Pres- 
ident in distinct ballots, and sep- 
arate lists of the persons voted for 
as President and as Vice-President 
are to be sent to the seat of govern- 
ment. 

If no person have a majority, the 
House of Representatives are to 
elect a President from the three 
highest persons on the list of those 
voted for as President, instead of 
the five highest, as in the original 
Article. If the House of Represen- 
tatives, whenever the choice of a 
President shall devolve upon them, 
shall fail to choose a President be- 
fore the fourth day of March next 
following, the Vice-President shall 
act as President, as in case of the 
death or other constitutional dis- 
ability of the President. There 
was no provision similar to this in 
the original Article. 

As the Constitution at first stood, 
a Vice-President could not be de- 
signated until after the President 



70 



COKSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



FRENCH. 



tembre, en I'an de notre Seigneur mil sept-cent 
quati-e-vingt sept, et la donzienie annee de I'ln- 
dependance des Etats-Unis d'Amerique. 

En foi de quoi, nous avons appose ci-apres nos 
signatures. 

Geokge Washington, 
President, et Depute de la Virginie. 



ENGLISH. 

present, the seventeenth day of 
September, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand seven hun- 
dred and eighty-seven, and of 
the Independence of the United 
States of America the twelfth 
In witness whereof, we have here- 
unto subscribed our names. 

George Washington, 
President, and Deputy of 
Virginia. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

JOHS LANGDON, 

Nicholas Oilman. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 
Kathajjiel Gorham, 
RuFus King. 



CONNECTICUT. 
William Samuel Johnson, 
RoGEE Sherman. 

NEW YORK. 
Alexanbee Hamilton. 

Pour attested 



NEW JERSEY. 
William Livingston, 
David Brearley, 
William Patebson, 
Jonathan Dayton. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 
Benjamin Franklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, 
Robert Morris, 
Geobge Clymer, 
Thomas Fitzsimgns, 
Jared Ingersoll, 
James Wilson, 
gou verne ur morris. 



DELAWARE. 
George Reed, 
Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
JoHS Dickinson, 
Richard Bassett, 
Jacob Broom. 

MARYLAND. 

James McHenry, 
Daniel of St. Thomas 

Jenifer, 
Daniel Carroll. 

VIRGINIA. 
John Blair, 
James Madison, Jr. 



William Jackson, Secretaire. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Blount, 
richakd dobbs spaight, 
Hugh Williamson. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 
John Riitledge, 
Charles C. Pinckney, 
Charles Pinckney, 
I'lERCB Butler. 



GEORGIA. 
William Few. 
Abraham Baldwin. 
William Jackson, Secretartf. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



71 



GERMAN. 



September, 1787, und iin zwolften Jalire der 
Unabliangigkeit der Vereinigten Staaten von 
Amerika. 



Zum Zengniss dessen liaben wir unsere Nainen 
unterzeiclinet. 

George Washington, 
Prdsident und Ahgeordneter von Virginia. 

Ztti' Beylaubigung : William Jackson, Secretdr. 



NOTES. 

had been elected by the House of 
Representatives. The amendment 
allows the Senate to proceed at once 
and choose a Vice-President from 
the two highest numbers on the list 
of persons voted for as Vice-Presi- 
dent ; two-thirds of the Senators 
constitute a quorum for this pur- 
pose, and a majority of the whole 
number is necessary to a choice- 
The votes of the Senate in choos- 
ing a Vice-President are not taken 
by States, as the votes of the House* 
are in choosing a President, but. 
each Senator has one vote. 

It is also declared by the amend- 
ment that a person who is constitu- 
tionally ineligible to the office of 
Pi-esident shall be also ineligible to 
that of Vice-President. This is be- 
cause the Vice-President may be 
called upon to act as President. 

Since the adoption of this amend' 
ment, there has been one election 
of President by the House of Rep- 
resentatives. At the election for 
the tenth P^-esidential term, com- 
mencing March 4, 1825, John C. 
Calhoun was chosen Vice-President, 
but there was no election of Presi- 
dent by the Electors. It therefore 
devolved on the House of Repre- 
sentatives to choose a President 
from the three highest oil the list 
of candidates for the Presidency, 
who were Andrew Jackson, John 
Quincy Adams and William H. 
Crawford. John Quincy Adams 
received a majority of the votes of 
the States and was consequently 
declared elected by the House. 

Clause 4, p. 54. 

The Choice of Electors is usually 
called the Presidential Election. 

By an act, passed January 23, 
1845, Congress declared that the 



72 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NOTES. 



Electors shall be appointed in each 
State on the Tuesday next after the 
first Monday of November of the 
year in which they are to be ap- 
pointed ; also that each State may 
provide by law for filling vacancies 
in its College of Electors, when 
such College meets to give its elec- 
toral votes ; and that when any 
State shall have held an election 
for the purpose of choosing Electors 
and shall fail to make a choice on 
the day above mentioned, the Elec- 
tors may be appointed on a subse- 
quent day, in such manner as the 
State may by law provide. 

Clause 5, p. 54. 
The residence required by the 
Constitution does not preclude a 
temporary sojourn in foreign coun- 
tries. See Appendix, Table B, p«. 

^^- Claiise 6, p. 56. 

Congress, in 1792, enacted that in 
case of the removal, death, resigna- 
tion or inability both of the Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, the presi- 
dent of the Senate, and in case there 
shall be no president of the Senate, 
the Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, shall act as President 
until the disability be removed or 
a President shall be elected. 

Under the law of 1792, the coun- 
try was exposed to the evils of a 
special election. The administra- 
tion miglit pass from one political 
party to another against the will of 
the people ; but the most serious 
defect in it was that it might leave 
the country without a designated 
successor to the Presidency. 

In 1886, in case of the removal, 
death, resignation or inability of 
both the President and the Vice- 
President, the succession w.is vest- 
ed in the members of the Cabinet 



in the following order : — Secretary 
of State, Secretary of the Treasury, 
Secretary of War, Attorney Gen- 
eral. Postmaster General, Secretary 
of the Navy, Secretary of the In- 
terior. In case the duties of the 
office devolve upon any member of 
the Cabinet, he is to act as Presi- 
dent until the disability is removed, 
or a new President is regularly 
elected. There is to be no special 
election. 

A foreign-born Secretary is barred 
from the succession, which, in such 
event, would pass to the next in 
line. 

Clause 7, p. 56. 

By an act of Congress passed in 
1793, the salary of the President 
was fixed at the annual rate of 
$25,000, together with the use of 
the Presidential mansion and its 
furniture. During Grant's admin- 
istration, the President's salary was 
increased to $50,000. 

The salary of the Vice-President 
was first fixed at the annual rate of 
$8,000. It was also increased. 

Section II. — Clause 2, p. 58. 

A rule of the Senate requires that 
all information or remarks, con- 
cerning the character or qualifica- 
tions of any person nominated by 
the President, shall be kept secret. 

An appointment is not complete 
and the nominee as an officer has 
no legal rights conferred upon him 
until a commission has been signed 
by the President. 

The commission is a formal cer- 
tificate of the appointment, signed 
by the President and sealed by the 
Secretary of State with the seal of 
the United States, which is deliv- 
ered to the person appointed. Ac- 
tual delivery of the commission, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



7» 



NOTES. 



after it has been signed by the Pre- 
sident, is not absolutely necessary ; 
nor, if lost or destroyed, would the 
appointment be void. The salary 
is paid from the date of the com- 
mission. 

The power of removal has, since 
the Congress of 1789, which after 
thorough discussion sustained the 
right, been exercised by the Presi- 
dent alone. 

The power of the President to 
remove an oflBcer from the public 
service extends to all officers in the 
army and navy, as well as to civil 
officers. 

The persons and household goods 
of foreign ambassadors or public 
ministers are, by the law of nations, 
exempt from arrest or seizure ; nor 
are ambassadors responsible to the 
civil or criminal laws of the coun- 
try to which they are sent ; but 
consuls are regarded merely as com- 
mercial agents and are generally 
siibject, in civil and criminal cases, 
to the laws of the country where 
they reside. 

Section III. , p. 58. 

From the first part of this clause 
has originated the practice of the 
President to send a written message 
concerning public affairs to Con- 
gress annually, and special mes- 
sages at other times. The first two 
Presidents, Washington and Ad- 
ams, used to meet both Houses of 
Congress in person and deliver ad- 
dresses to them concerning national 
affairs. This practice was discon- 
tinued by Jefferson upon tlie oc- 
casion of his first annual message, 
and written messages have taken 
the place of such speeches. 

Consuls are not mentioned in this 
clause by name, but they have been 



considered as included. Foreign 
ministers must present their creden- 
tials to the President, which must 
receive his allowance or exequatur, 
as it is called, before they can per- 
form any official act. 

Section IV. , p. 60. 
See Appendix, Table C, p. 86. 
See Art. I.— Sec. II. —CI. 5, p. 30. 
See Art. I.— Sec. III.— CI. 6, p. 34. 

The persons chiefly meant be- 
sides President and Vice-President, 
are Heads of Departments, Judges 
of the Supreme Court, Marshals, 
Collectors, District Attorneys, etc. 

Members of the Senate and House 
of Representatives are not liable to 
impeachment, as they hold their 
appointment under the State or 
from the people they represent, and 
not from the national government. 

The President, in all cases where 
his official authority and duty are 
not brought in question, is merely a 
private citizen, subject to the usual 
duties and obligations of a citizen. 
If his testimony is necessary in any 
case, he may be subpoenaed into 
court and examined as a witness, 
and may be required to produce 
papers just as any other citizen, 
unless the papers relate to State 
affairs which should not be dis- 
closed. 

Article III. — Section I., p. 60. 

A Supreme Court is essential to 
insure uniformity in the interpreta- 
tion of the laws. 

Prior to the adoption of the Con- 
stitution, the people of the United ' 
States had no national tribunal to 
which they could resort for jiistiee. 
The administration of justice was 
confined to the State Courts, in 



74 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NOTES. 



which the people of other States 
had 110 participation. 

See Art. II.— Sec. II.— CI. 2, p. 58. 

. Section II. — Clause 1, p. 60. 

Shortly after the adoption of the 
Constitution, there was much dis- 
cussion wliether this clause includ- 
ed suits by an individual against a 
State as well as suits by a State 
against an individual. The Su- 
preme Court decided that both 
cla.sses of suits were equally in- 
cluded within the language of the 
Constitution. 

The States were dissatisfied with 
this construction ; they were un- 
willing to be subjected to lawsuits 
by the citizens oi" other States, 
deeming it an attribute of their 
sovereignty that they could not be 
sued without their consent. Ac- 
cordingly an amendment to the 
Constitution in this respect was pro- 
posed by the Third Congress to the 
Legislatures of the States, and on 
the 8th of January, 1798, President 
Adams communicated to Congress, 
by message, that the amendment 
had been adopted by three -fourths 
of the States, and it then became a 
part of the Constitution, forming 
the Eleventh Amendment, which 
see, p. 80. 

Clause 2, p. 62. 

By the original jurisdiction of a 
court is meant that jurisdiction 
which is conferred upon a court ia 
the first instance ; appellate juris- 
diction is exercised by a court to 
which an appeal is taken from the 
judgment of another court. 

Jurisdiction is also concurrent or 
exclusive. It is concurrent when 
it may be exercised by either one 
of two or more courts ; it is exclus- 



ive when it may be exercised by 
only one court. 

Clause 3, p. 62. 

The object of this provision is to 
prevent the accused from being 
subjected to unnecessary expense 
and difficulty in procuring testi- 
mony, and to secure to him the ad- 
vantage of being tried where the 
facts are most likely to be known. 

Impeachments are tried by the 
Senate. 

Section III. — Clause 1, p. 62. 

An act of Congress, passed in 1790, 
declares that the punishment of 
treason shall be death by hanging, 
without corruption of blood or for- 
feiture of estate. A knowledge and 
concealment of treason, without as- 
senting to it, is termed misprision 
of treason. 

An attainder of treason is a con- 
viction of the crime of treason. 

One whose blood is corrupted 
cannot inherit property from others 
nor transmit an inheritance to his 
children ; his blood ceases to have 
any inheritable qualities. 

. Article IV. — Section I., p. 64. 

Congress, in pursuance of the 
power here given to pass general 
laws on the subject, by an act of 
May 26, 1790, provided a mode by 
which records and judicial pro- 
ceedings should be authenticated ; 
namely, by tlie attestation of tlie 
clerk and the seal of the court an- 
nexed, together with a certificate 
of the judge, chief-justice or pre- 
siding magistrate, that the attesta- 
tion is in due form. 

The consequences of not having 
some provision of this sort, would 
be that when a legal decision had 
been made in one State, it might be 



CONSTITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES. 



75 



NOTES. 



necessary to repeat the same in 
every State to which tlie parties 
might go. 

Section II. — Clause 1, p. 64. 

This clause prevents the States 
from, giving unjust preference to 
their own citizens. 

In a Union composed of many 
States, great difficulties would arise 
if the citizens of one State were 
treated as aliens in all the other 
States. Intercourse and traffic be- 
tween the several States would be 
seriously embarrassed. 

Section III. — Clause 1, p. 64. 

When any of the territories of 
the United States become suffici- 
ently populous to elect a Represen- 
tative in Congress, they are- erected 
into States and admitted into the 
Uniou on all equal footing with the 
original States. Congress not only 
has admitted new States into the 
Union by virtue of this clause, but 
it has exercised the right to acquire 
additional territory by purchase, 
cession or grant. 

Article V. , p. 66. 

In his Farewell Address. George 
Washington declared that " the 
basis of our political systems is the 
right of the people to make and to 
alter their Constitutions of govern- 
ment. But the Constitution which 
at any time exists, till changed by 
an explicit and authentic act of the 
whole people, is sacredly obligatory 
upon all." 



The approval of the President 
has not been considered necessary 
to amendments to the Constitution. 

No amendment, made prior to 
1808, could affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the Ninth Section 
of Article I. The first of these 
clauses relates to the importation 
of slaves, the other relates to the 
apportionment of taxes. 

No State, without its consent, 
shall be deprived of its equal suf- 
frage in the Senate. 

AuTiCLE VI. — Clause 1, p. 68. 

States are not discharged from 
their obligations by a change in 
their form of government. 

Clause 3, p. 68. 

Only those laws passed by Con- 
gress in pursuance of the Constitu- 
tion become the Supreme Law of 
the land. An act of Congress con- 
trary to the Constitution is no part 
of the Supreme Law, and it is the 
right of the Judiciary to declare it 
void. 

Article VII. , p. 68. 

Had the Constitution been rati- 
fied by no more than nine States, 
those nine States woiald have com- 
posed the Union. The remaining 
States would have been foreign 
powers. 

Rhode Island appointed no dele- 
gate to the Constitutional Conven- 
tion. 



AMENDEMENTS 



AMEITDMENTS 



1 LA CONSTITUTION DES I^TATS-UNIS, RATIFlilS SUIVANT "^^ "^^^ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
LES DISPOSITIONS DE L-AETICLE CINQ DE LA CONSTITU- STATES, RATIFIED ACCORDING TO 
TION CI-DESSUS. THE PROVISIONS OF THE FIFTH AR- 
TICLE OF THE FOREGOING CONSTI- 
TUTION. 



Article I. — Le Congres ne fera ancnne loi con- 
cernant I'etablissement d'une religion, on en in- 
terdisant le libre exereice ; on restreignant la 
iiberte de la parole, on de la presse ; on le droit 
dn peuple de s'assernbler paisibleraent, et d'adres- 
ser des petitions an gouvernement, pour le redres- 
seinent de ses griefs. 

Article II. — Une mil ice bien ordonnee etant 
necessaire a la secarite d'un Etat libre, il ne sera 
poirst einpiete snr le droit du penple de garder et 
de porter des arnies. 

Article III. — Nul soldat ne pourra etre, en 
teujps de paix, loge dans une inaison sans le con- 
senteinent du proprietaire ; ni en temps de guerre, 
sanf de la maniere qui sera prescrite par une loi. 

Article IV. — Le droit du peuple d'etre a 
I'abri, dans sa personne, sa maison, ses papiers et 
ses effets, de perquisitions et de saisies deraison- 
nables, ne devra pas etre viole, et nul inandat 
d'arret ne sera lanc<i, sauf pour une cause plau- 
sible, appuyee par serment ou affirmation, et de- 



Article I. — Congress shall make' 
no law respecting an establisliment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof ; or abridging the 
freedom of speech, or of the press ; 
or the right of the people peaceably 
to assemble, and to petition the 
government for redress of griev- 
ances. 

Article II. — A well-regulated 
militia, being necessary to the se- 
curity of a free State, the right of 
the people to keep and bear arms 
shall not be infringed. 

Article III. — No soldiers shall, 
in time of peace, be quartered in 
any house, without the consent of 
the owner, nor in time of war. but 
in a manner to be prescribed by 
law. 

Article IV. — The right of the 
people to be secure in their person.*, 
houses, papers and effects, against 
unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated, and no war- 
rants shall issue, but upon probable 
cause, supported by oath or affirm- 



ZUSATZE 



ZUU VERPASSTJNG DER VBREINIGTEX STAATEN. ANGENOMMEN 
UND BESTAtIGT m XTbEREINSTIMMUNG MIT DEM FtJNFTEN 
ARTIKEL DIESER CONSTITUTION. 



Artikel I. — Der Congress soil keine Gesetze 
ei'lassen, welclie irgend eine Keligion und deren 
f reie Aiisiibung betreffen ; oder welclie die Rede- 
t'reiheit mid die Presse einschrankeii ; oder welclie 
das Yersaimnlnngsrecht so wie die freie Aiis- 
iibung des Reclites zu Petitionen an die Regier- 
iing znr Abliiilfe von Missstanden verliindern. 

Artikel II. — Ba eine gut disciplinierte Miliz 
zur Siclierheit eines freien Staates notwendig ist, 
so soil das Recht des Volkes, Waffen zu tragen, 
niclit beeintriielitigt werden. 

Artikel III. — Kein Soldat soil in Friedenszei- 
ten in einem Hause olme die Zustimmung des 
Eigentiimers eifiquartiert werden und in Kriegs- 
zeiten nur in einer vom Gesetz vorgescliriebenen 
Weise. 

Artikel IV. — Das Recht der Biirger, in ihrer 
Person, ilirem Hause, oder sonstigem Eigentum 
gegen ungereclitfertigte Durchsucliungen und Be- 
sclilagnalimen gesicliert zu sein, soil niclit ange- 
tastet werden und ein Verhaftsbefelil kann nur 
ei'lassen werden in Folge guter Griinde, welclie 



NOTES. 

The first Congress passed a re- 
solution on September 25, 1789, 
two-thirds of both houses concur- 
ring, to propose twelve articles to 
the Legislatures of the States as 
Amendments to the Constitution. 
Ten of those articles, having been 
finally ratified by the Legislatures 
of three-fourths of the States, be- 
came amendments of the Consti- 
tution of the United States, on 
December 15th, 1791. 
Article I. 

This amendment does not confer 
the right to speak or publish mali- 
cious matter. Such publications 
are punishable by law. 

Petitions and memorials may be 
addressed to the Senate or House 
of Representatives by any person or 
any number of persons. 
Article II. 

Usurpers have commonly over- 
thrown the liberties of a country 
by disarming the people and main- 
taining an armed soldiery. 
Article IV. 

The privilege of a man's house 
extends only to him and his family, 
and to his own proper goods, or to 
those which are there lawfully. 



AMENDMENTS. 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 



crivant en detail le lieu a fouiller, et les personnes ation, and particularly describing 

on Cboses a saisir. *''*^ P^^''^ *« ^^ searched, and the 

persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. — Nul ne sera tenu responsable Article v.— No person shall be 

pom- nn crime capital on infamant, si ce ii'est sur ^^^^^ *" answer lor a capital or 

, . ^. , f T, 1 otherwise infamous crime, unless 

la iiiise eti accusation on le verdict d nn ffrand . . • j- . * ^ 

o on a presentment or indictment ot 

jnrv, exceptc dans les cas snrvenant parnu les agrand jury, except in cases arising 

forces de terre on de nier, on dans la niilice, in the land or naval forces, or in 

qnand elle est en service actif en temps de guerre ^^'^ ^^^^tia, when in actual service 

" , , , , . ,1 . , 1 in time of war and public danger ; 

et de dano;er public ; et nul ne sera suiet, pour la , „ , u- , 

» 1 ' J ' r nor shall any person be subject 

meme offense, a etre mis deux fois en peril d'exis- for the same offence to be twice 

tence on de mutilation; nul ne sera force, dans put iu jeopardy of life or limb; 

quelque cause criminelle que ce soit, de-temoigner °°'' ^^^^^ ^'^ compelled in any cnm- 

1 . A . . , • ' 1 • inal case to be a witness against 

contre lui-meme, HI ne pourra etre prive de sa Vie, ,. ... i. , j • j Z^t^ 

' ' '^ ' himselr, nor to be deprived of life, 

de sa liberte, on de ses biens, sans procedure legale liberty, or property, without due 

reguliere ; etnulle propriete particulieie ne pourra process of law; nor shall private 

etre prise pour cause d'utilite publique, sans juste property be taken for public use, 

,• without iust compensation. 

compensation. "" ^ 

Article VI. — Dans toutes les poursuites an Article VI.— In all criminal 

criminel, I'accuse aui-a droit a nn jugement prompt prosecutions, the accused shall en- 

et public, rendu par nn jury impartial de I'fitat joj the right to a speedy and public 

,,.,..,, . ,/ .1 1 trial, by an impartial jury of the 

on du district ou le crime aura cte cominis, iequel ^^ . a a- , ■ *. i • *i 

' i state and district wherein the crime 

district aura etc prcalablement determine par nne shall have been committed, which 

loi ; et a etre informc de la nature et du motif de district shall have been previously 

I'accusation ; a etre confronte avec les temoins a ascertained by law, and to be in- 

, , • ' ^ r 1 • 1 formed of the nature and cause of 

cliaro;e : a recourir a la force pour produire les ^, ^. ^ , ^ . a 

" ' ' ' the accusation ; to be controiued 

temoins a dechai-ge ; et a etre assiste d'un de- with the witnesses against iiim ; to 

f enseur. have compulsory process for obtain- 
ing witnesses in his favor, and to 
have the assistance of counsel for 
his defence. 

Article VII. — Dans les proces de droit com- article VII.— In suits at com- 
mun, quand la valeur en litige excedera vingt mon law, where the value in con- 
dollars, le droit au jugement par jury sera con- troversy shall exceed twenty dol- 

„ , . ^ , . ' lars, the right of trial bv jury shall 

serve, et aucun fait juge par un jury ne pourra ^^ ^,,,,,^;^^ ,,,rt „„ f,et tried by 

etre autreraent examine a nouveau par aucune a jury shall be otherwise re-exam- 

cour des Etats-Unis, que d'apres les regies du ined in any court of the United 
droit cornmun. 



AME^sDMENTS. TO 

GERMAN. . NOTES. 

dnrcli Eid bestiitigt sein iniissen mid welche den 
Ort so wie die betreffendeu Persouen oder Saclien 
genau kennzeiclinen. 

Artikel V. — Niemand soil vvegen eines Article V. 

Capital- oder getneinen Verbrechens verurteilt ^ presentment or indictment of 

J •i-ji-r>ii • /^a ffrand iury is necessary before a 

werden, wenn iiiciit diirch iJesclihiss eines hre- ° /,,-,. 

person can be held to answer tor a 

schworenengerichtes, ansgeriomnien in Fallen, capital or otherwise infamous crime. 

welche die Land- nnd Seeniacllt oder die Miliz Cases arising in the land or naval 

in Kriegszeiten beti-efFen ; audi soil Kieniand forces are exempt from this mode 

1 n AT 1 • 1 -\T i. ot proceedinff. They are tried by 

weo-en desselben Verireliens zweimal znr Verant- ^ ^ . , 

^ ^ Courts-martial. 

wortung gezogen werden kunnen ; anch soil Nie- ^ g^a^d jury is a body of from 

mand in eineni Criminalfalle gezwungen werden, twelve to twenty-four men chosen 

gegen sich selbst ausznsagen ; audi nidit seines at every term of a court having 

T I, XT"* i J • T? •! '1. 1 criminal iurisdiction. In the State 

Lebens, Eio^entuins oder seiner i^reilieit oiine •■ , , , 

iTini 1 courts they are selected by the 

den iibhdien Reditsgang beraiibt werden ; audi ^^^^^-^ . j„ ^he Federal courts, by 

soil kein Privateigentum ohne passende Ent- the marshal. Their duty is to in- 

sdliidigung flir offentlidie Zwecke in BesitZ ge- q^ire into all crimes committed 

nomtnen werden. ^**^''" *^^ jurisdiction of the court 

^ r^c . . If. 11 n 1 in which they are attending. 

Artikel YL— In alien Critnmalfallen soil der ^he sittings of the grand jury are 

Angeklagte das Recllt ZU einem scllleunigen nnd private. They examine imder oath 

offentliclien Yerfahren liaben, vor einer unpartei- the party making the charge and 

isclien Jury in dein Staate und der Provinz in ^"^ witnesses. They do not hear 

, , 1 -tr 1 1 1 1 • anv witness in defence. If twelve 

weldien das Yerbredien begangen woiden ist ; of "the jurors believe that there is 

dieser District soil vorber durch Gesetz festge- sufficient evidence of guilt, the ac- 

stellt und der Angeklagte iiber das Wesen mid cused is put on trial in court before 

dielTrsache der Anklage aufgeklart werden ; er a petit jury of twelve men. 

soil mit den Zeugen gegen ilin confrontiert wer- Article VI. 

den, es soil ihni die Besdiaffung von Zeugen zu The impartiality of the jury is 

seinen Gunsten gewahrt werden und er soil den ^'-"'^^'^^ «««"^^^ ^^ '' "S^^* ^^^<^^ 

-r> . . t . A ^ , . -TT < • T the prisoner has, by law, to chal- 

iieistand eines Ad vocaten zu seiner Verteidio;nng , i •„ * +„ o.,„i, ,• =, „= 

=> =5 lenge or object to such jurors as 

liaben. have formed and expressed an 

Artikel YII. — In genieinen Reclitsfallen, in opinion about ins guilt, or are 

wdchen das Streitobject den Wert von zwanzig f^j^"^'^^ disqualified to sit as 
Dollar iibersteigt. soil das Peclit des Scbwurge- 
ricbts erlialteu werden ; und kein Fall, der durdi 
Juiy entschieden ist, soil von irgend einem Ge- 
riclitsbofe der Yereinigten Staaten in anderer 
Weise verbandelt werden, als in "Cbereinstim- 



jurcrs. 



80 AMENDMENTS. 



FRENCH. ENGLISH. 



States than according to the rules 
of the common law. 



Article VIII. — II ne sera point reqnis de can- Article Vlii. —Excessive bail 

tiou excessive, ni impose d'amendes excessives, ni ^^*^^ "^*' be required, nor excessive 

. n- ' ^ 1 '^^' ^ 1 ^ • '^ ' fines imposed, nor cruel and unu- 

innige de chatiments cruels et inusites. , . , , • a- ^ a 

o sual punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. — L'ennmeration de certains droits Article IX.— The enumeration 

dans la presente Constitution, ne ponrra pas etre in the Constitution of certain rights, 

^ , ' , • 1 • • shall not be construed to deny or 

interpretee comnie une negation on une dnninu- ^.^^^^^^^ ^,,^^,.3 ^^^^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ 

tion d'autres droits retenus par le peuple. people. 

Article X. — Les pouvoirs non delegues aux article X.— The powers not 

Etats-Unis par la Constitution, ni enleves par delegated to the United states by 

elle aux Etats, sont reserves aux divers Etats, ou "^^ Constitution, nor prohibited by 

, it to the States, are reserved to the 

an peupJe. 3^,^^^^ respectively, or to the peo- 
ple. 

Article XI. — Le pouvoir judiciaire des Etats- Article XL— The judicial pow- 

Unis ne sera pas interprete comme s'etendant a ^^ °^ *^*® United States shall not 

X T •• I •. > > be construed to extend to any suit 

ancun proces en droit ou en equite, commence ou . , ., , 

^ ^ -^ m law or equity, commenced or 

poursuivi contre un des Etats-Unis par des cito}^- prosecuted against one of the Uni- 

ens d'un autre Etat, ou par des citojens ou SUJetS ted states by citizens of another 

d'un etat etrano'er. state, or by citizens or subjects of 

any foreign state. 

Article XII. — Yoyez page 52. Article XII.— See page 52. 

Article XIII. — Section 1. N"i esclavage, ni Article Xlll.— Section 1. Nei- 

servitnde involontaire, sauf comme cliatimeut ^^'^^ ^^^^^'"^ "•"• involuntary ser- 

., . , , / X lA vitude, except as a punishment for 

d'un crime, dont la personne aura ete duinent ,,.5^^^ ^j^^^eof the person shall 

convaincue, n'existera dans les limites des Etats- have been duly convicted, shall 

Unis, ni dans aucun lieu sujet a leur juridiction. exist within the United states, or 

any place subject to their jurisdic- 
tion. 

Section 2. Le Congres aura le pouvoir d'assurer section 2. Congress shall have 

I'execution de cet article par une legislation a cet power to enforce this article by ap- 

ggg(;_ propriate legislation. 

Article XIV. — Section 1. Toutes les personnes Article XIY.— Section 1. All 

noes ou natural isees anx Etats-Unis, et sujettes a persons born or naturalized in the 

leur iuridiction, sont citoyens des Etats-IJnis et ^'"^^'^ ^^^t*^^- ^"'^ ^"''J«"* ^° "'^ 

, -..-fy ,.- . -A jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 

de 1 Etat o^ elles resident. Aucun Etat ne pourra ^^^ United states and of the state 

fairc ni appliquer de loi restreignant les privi- wherein they reside. No State 



AMENDMENTS. 



81 



GERMAN. 

ninng mit den Vorschriften des geineinen Rech- 
tes. 

Aktikel VIII. — Ubermassige Biirgschaft soil 
iiicht verlangt werden ; audi keine iiberniassigen 
Stiafen erkannt, so vvie keine grausamen nnd un- 
gewuluilichen Bestrafnngen verliaiigt werdei). 

Artikel IX. — -Die Erwalmung gevvisser Recli- 
te in dieser Constitution soil niclit ausgelegt wer- 
den konnen, um andere Keclite der Burger zu 
beeintraclitigen. 

Artikel X. — Die Vollmacliten welche durch 
die Constitution den Vereinigteu Staaten nicht 
zuerkannt und den einzelnon Staaten nielit ver- 
weigert werden, sollen den betreffenden Staaten, 
so wie den Biij-gern resei'vieil bleiben. 

Artikel XI. — Die Gericlitsbarkeit der Ver- 
eiuigten Staaten soil sicli nicht auf irgend einen 
Process ei'strecken, welcher gegen einen der Staa- 
ten von Biirgern eines anderen Staates, oder von 
Biirwern oder Untertlianen eines fremden Staates 
anoestrengt worden ist. 

Artikel XII. — Siehe Seite 52. 

Artikel XIIT. — Section 1. In den Yereinigten 
Staaten oder an irgend einem Orte, welclier un- 
ter deren Gericlitsl»arkeit steht, soil Sclaverei 
oder gezwuugener Dienst niclit bestehen, ausge- 
nominen als Strafe fiir Verbrechen, wegen deren 
der Betreffende reclitmassig verurteilt worden 
ist. 

Section 2. Der Congress soil die Befugniss ha- 
ben, diesen Artikel durch angetnessene Gesetz- 
gebung zu erzwingen. 

Artikel XIV. — Section 1. Alle Personen, wel- 
che in den Vereinigten Staaten geboren oder dort 
naturalisiert sind, sind Biirger der Vereinigten 
Staaten und des Staates in welclieni sie wohnen. 
Kein Staat soil Gesetze erlassen und erzwinojen, 



notes. 



AUTICLE VIII. 



This article is an exact copy of a 
clause ill the Bill of Rights, adopted 
in England during the Revolution 
of 1688. 



Article XL 

This amendment was proposed 
at the first session of the third Con- 
gress, March 5th, 1794, and was 
declared, in a message from tlie 
President of the United States to 
both Houses of Congress, dated 
January 8th, 1798, to have been 
adopted by the constitutional num- 
ber of States. It then became a 
part of the Constitution. 

Article XIII. 

This amendment was ratified 
December 18th, 1865, which is the 
date of the entire abolition of Sla- 
very throughout the United States. 



Article XIV. 

This amendment became a part 
of the Constitution, July 21st, 1868. 



82 AMENDMENTS. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

leo-es ou iinmiinites de citoyens des fitats-Unis; shall make or enforce any law 
et°aacuii Etat ne pourra priver qui que ce soit which shall abridge the privileges 

'^ ,^ i^r immunities oc citizens or the 

de sa vie, de sa llberte ou de ses biens, sans la UnitedStat.es; nor shall any State 

juste intervention de la procedure legale, ni re- deprive any person of life, liberty, 
fuser a qui que ce soit, dans les liniites de sa or property, without due process of 
iuridiction, regale protection des lois. ^^^.' ''''^''}y ^«^ ^"^ P^"^^ ^^^^hin 

J ^ ^ ^ its jurisdiction the equal protection 

of the laws. 

Section 2. II sera nomme des RepresentantS Section 2. Representatives shall 

parmi les divers Etats, d'apres le nouibre de leurs ^^ appointed among the several 

r,. .- , ^ ^ ii.i.1 States according to their respective 

habitants respectiis, en comptant le noinbre total . f. ^, , ,^ 

r ' i, , , . numbers, counting the whole num- 

des personnes dans chaque Etat, a Texclusion des bar of persons in each state exciud- 

Indiens non imposes. Mais lorsque le droit de ing Indians not taxed. But when 

voter a une election quelconque pour le choix the right to vote at any election for 

-f-„ 1 -r-. / • 1 i .^ J -ir- -o ' • 1 L the choice of Electors for President 

des l^lecteurs du President et du Vice-President ,,^ vi,,.p,,,ident of the United 

des EtatS-Unis, des RepresentantS auCongres,des states, Representatives in Congress, 

fonctionnaires executifs ou judiciaires d'un Etat, the executive or judicial officers of a 
ou des membres de la Legislature d^in Etat, sera state, or the members of the Legis- 

,,,.,. ^, 1 ^ -A, , A < lature thereof, is denied to any of 

refuse a des habitants males de cet Etat, ages the male inhabitants of such state, 

de vingt-et-nn ans et citoyens des EtatS-Unis, ou y,eing twenty-one years of age and 
restreint pour une raison quelconque excepte pour citizens of the United States, or in 
participation a une rebellion ou a un autre crime, ^ny way abridged except for parti- 

' , -TIT -f^i. i cipation in rebellion or other crime, 

la base de la representation dans le dit Etat sera ^^^^ ^^^.^ ^^ representation therein 

reduite en proportion du rapport entre le nombre shall be reduced in the proportion 

des dits citoyens males et le nombre total des which the number of such male 

citoyens males ages de vingt-et-un ans dans le dit ^'i"^^"^ ^^^^^ ^^^' *« t^»^ ^^^^"^^ 

^ *' number of male citizens twenty-one 

^^^'^' years of age in such State. 



Section 3. Nul ne pourra etre Senateur ou Re- Sectmi 3. No person shall be a 

presentant au Congres, ou filecteur pour le Presi- Senator or Representative in Con- 
dent ou le Vice-President, ni OCCUper un emploi g'''^^^' ^'^ Elector of President or 
. .^^ • ii • ' J Vice-President, or hold anv office, 

quelconque, civil ou militaire, sous 1 autorite des ^.^.^ ^^ military, under theUnite.l 

£tats-Unis, ou d'un Etat quelconque, si, apres states, or under any state, who. 

avoir prete serment comme membre du Congres, having previously taken an oath as 

oucoinmefonctionnaire des EtatS-Unis, oucomme * "^''"'^^^ «* Congress, or as an 

- officer of the United States, or as a 

inembie d'une Legislature d Etat, ou comme tone- ^^^^.^^ ^f any state Legislature, 

tionnaire exeCUtif ou judiciaire d'uu Etat, de sou- or as an executive or judicial officer 



AMENDMENTS. 83 

GERMAN. NOTES. 

welclie die Yorrechte iind Privilegien von Biir- 
gern der Yereinigteii Staaten verkiirzen ; aiich 
soil kein Staat Jemanden an Leben, Freiheit und 
Eigentuni oline angemessenes Gerielitsverfaliren 
strafen ; audi Niemandem innerhalb seiner Ge- 
richtsbarkeit den Schutz der Gesetze verweisern. 



Section 2. Abgeordnete sollen von den ver- 
schiedenen Staaten im Verhaltniss zu der be- 
treffenden Einwohnerzahl erwiihlt werden, indein 
die Gesammtzahl der Einwohner, ausscliliesslich 
der nicht bestenerten Indianer, zu Grunde gelegt 
wird. Aber weun das Ilecht bei einer Wahl zur 
Ernennung von Wahlern f iir President und Vice- 
Prasident der Yereinigten Staaten, Cougressmit- 
glieder, offentliche oder gerichtliche Beamte eines 
Staates, oder Mitglieder der gesetzgebenden Yer- 
saniinlung, irgend welchen der mannlichen Ein- 
wohner solches Staates. welcher einundzwanzig 
Jalir alt und Biirger der Yereinigten Staaten ist, 
verweigert oder in irgend einer Weise verkiirzt 
wird, ausgenommen wegen Teilnahme an Aufruhr 
oder anderen Yerbreclien, so soil die Anzahl der 
Abgeordneten in demselben Yerlialtnisse, in wel- 
chem die Zahl soldier inannlieher Einwohner 
zur ganzen Zahl der im Alter von einundzwanzig 
Jahren in deni betreffenden Staate sich befinden- 
den stelit, verringert werden. 

Section 3. Nieniand soil Senator oder Congress- 
mitglied, oder Wahhnann fiir Prasident oder 
Yice Prasident werden konnen, oder ein Civil- 
oder inilitarisdies Amt nnter den Yereinigten 
Staaten, oder einem einzelnen Staate bekleiden 
konnen, M'elclier, nadidem er den Eid als Con- 
gressmitglied, Beaniter der Yereinigten Staaten, 
als Mitglied einer Staatslegislatnr, oder als offent- 
lidier oder gerichtlicher Beamter eines Staates, 



84 AMENDMENTS. 

FRENCH. ENGLISH. 

teuir la Constitution des Etats-Unis, il a pris part oi any State, to support the Consti- 

, M 11- I. ^ tutiou of the United States, shall 

uune insurrection ou_a une rebellion contre les ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ .^^ insurrection or 

dits Etats, on donne aide et protection aux enne- rebellion against the same, or given 
mis des ditS EtatS. Mais le Congres pourra, par aid or comfort to the enemies there- 

nn vote des deux tiers de chaque clianibre, ecarter of. But Congress may, by a vote 

, , of two-thirds of each house, remove 

cette mcapacite. ^^^^^ disability. 

Section 4. La validite de la dette publique des Section 4. The validity of the 

Etats-Unis, autorisee par la loi, y compris les public debt of the United States, 

' ^ • 1 • authorized by law, including debts 

dettes contractees pour le paienient de pensions j^^^.^.^^ for payment of pensions 

et de primes d'engagement pour services rendus and bounties for services in sup- 
dans la suppression d'une insurrection on rebellion pressing insurrection or rebellion, 

contre les Etats-Unis, ne sera pas mise en ques- ^^^^^^ ""' be questioned. But nei- 

,, . . , -^ . , ^ ther the United States nor anv state 

tion. Mais ni les Etats-Unis ni aucun Etat ne ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^, ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^. 

pourra assumer on payer une dette ou obligation obligation incurred in aid of insur- 

quelconque contractce pour venir en aide a Tin- rection or rebellion against the 

surrection ou a la ri-bellion contre les Etats-Unis, United States, or any claim for the 

, . . 1 . T' loss or emancipation of any slave; 

ni reclamer quoi que ce soit pour la perte ou 1 e- ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ obligations, and 

mancipation d'un esclave quelconque ; mais toutes daims shall be held illegal and 
dettes de ce geni-e, obligations et reclamations, void, 
seront tenues pour illegales, nulles et non ave- 
nues. 

Section 5. Le Congres aura le ponvoir de faire Section 5. Congress shall have 

exocuter, par legislation appropriee, les disposi- P^^^r to enforce, by appropriate 

^ , . , legislation, the provisions of this 

tions du present article. article 

Article XY. — Section 1. Le droit des citoy- Article XV.— Section 1. The 
ens des fltats-Unis de vote, ne pourra etre refuse "ghts of citizens of the United 

. , 1 -fS, . TT • • "^4. <- States to vote shall not be denied 

ni restremt par les Etats-Unis, ni par un Etat , ., , , ^, tt •* ^ o* * 

^ ' ' or .abridged bv the United States, 

quelconque, pour cause de race, COUleur, ou con- or by any state, on account of race, 
dition prealable de servitude. color, or previous condition of ser- 

vitude. 

Section 2. Le Congres aura le ponvoir d'assurer Section 2. Congress shall have 
I'execution du present article par une legislation v^^er to enforce this article by ap- 

, . rr . propriate legislation. 

a cet eHeiJ. 



AMENDMENTS. 



85 



GERMAN. NOTES. 

geleistet hat, die Yerfassung der Yereinigten 
Staateu aufrecht zu erhalten, sicli an Aiifnilir 
uud Rebellion gegen dieselben beteiligt oder den 
Feiuden derselben Iliilfe und Beistand geleistet 
hat. Jedoch kann der Congress durch das Yotnm 
von zwei Dritteln jedes Ilauses solche Unfiihig- 
keit beseitigen. 

Section 4. Die Rechtsgiiltigkeit der offent- 
lichen Seliuld der Yereinigten Staaten, welche 
durch Gesetz festgestellt ist, einschliesslich der 
Yerpflichtmigen, welche fiir Zahlnngen an Pen- 
sionen nnd Pramien fiir Dieiiste in Unterdrlick- 
iing von Aufrulir und Rebellion eingegangen 
sind, soil nicht in Frage gestellt werden. Aber 
weder die Yereinigten Staaten noch ein einzelner 
Staat sollen Schulden oder Yei-pflichtungen an- 
erkennen, oder bezalileii, welclte zur Beihiilfe an 
Aufruhr und Rebellion gegen die Yereinigten 
Staaten oder fiir ii-gend einen Anspruch wegen 
Yerlust oder Befreiung eines Sclaven eingegan- 
gen sind; und sollen alle solche Schulden, Yer- 
pflichtungen nnd Anspriiche fiir ungesetzmassig 
und nichtig erkliirt werden. 

Section 5. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, 
durch angeniessene Gesetzgebung die Ausfiihr- 
ung dieses Artikels zu erzwingen. 

Artikel XY. — Section 1. Das Stimmrecht der 
Biiro-er der Yereinigten Staaten soil weder dui-ch 
die Regierung der Yereinigten Staaten noch eines March 30tli, 1870, 
einzelnen Staates verkiirzt, oder erschwert wer- 
den, wegen Race, Farbe oder fruherer Knecht- 
schaft. 

Section 2. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, 
die DurchfCihrung dieses Artikels durch ange- 
niessene Gesetzgebung zu erzwingen. 



Article XV. 
This amendment was ratified 



APPENDIX. 



Table A. 

The rank of the States in population, in 1790, was as follows: 

1. Virginia. 5. New York. 9. New Jersey. 18. Georgia. 

2. Massachusetts. 6. Maryland. 10. New Hampshire. 14. Kentucky. 

3. Pennsylvania. 7. South Carolina. 11. Maine. 15. Rhode Island. 

4. North Carolina. 8. Connecticut. 1^. Vermont. 16. Delaware. 



In 1880, the rank and the apportionment of Representatives were as follows : 



New Yor'-i 84 

Pennsj'lvania 28 

Ohio ai 

Illinois 20 

Missouri 14 

Indiana 13 

Massachusetts ... 13 

Kentucky 11 

M chigan ... II 

Iowa 11 



11. Texas 11 

12. Tennessee 10 

13. Georgia 10 

14. Virginia 10 

1.5. North Carolina . 9 

IH. Wisconsin 9 

17. Alabama 8 

18. Mississippi 7 

19. New Jersey .... 7 

20. Kansas 7 



21. South Carolina . . 7 

22. Louisiana 6 

23. Maryland 6 

34. California 6 

25. Arkansas 5 

26. Minnesota 5 

27. Mains 4 

28. Connecticut 4 

29. West Virginia. . . 4 

30. Nebraska 3 



81. New Hampshire.. 3 

82. Vermont 3 

33. Rhode Island 2 

34. Florida 3 

85. Colorado ... 1 

36. Oregon 1 

37. Delaware 1 

38. Nevada 1 



Table B. 



Qualifications. 



' How long a citizen.] Must be an inhabitant. 



Representative 

Senator 

President ...... 

Vice-Pre.«Ldent 




When and where elected. 
When and where elected. 
14 3'ears in United States. 
1 4 years in United States. 



Table C. 
List of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents. 



Term of oflBce. 



1(1. 
M. 
12. 
Kl 

15. 

.16. 

-.17. 

•18. 

•lit. 
20. 
21. 

SZ. 
SA. 



George Washin<rton. . . I Virginia 

John Adams j MassachnsettK 

Thomas Jeffer-on "Virginia 



James Madison Virginia 

J.imes Monroe Virginia 

John Quinc}- Adams..; MassachusettK. 

Andrew Jackson j Te;me.«see 

M>irtin Van Biiren .... New York 

William H. H;irrison..| Ohio 

John Tyler \ Virginia 

James K. Polk | Ti-nnepsee . . . 



Two terms: 1789-1797. 
One term; 1797-1801.. 

Two terms; 1801-1809. 

Two terms; 1809-1817. 

Two terms: 1817-1825 
One term ; 182.5-1829 . . 



Zuch-iry Tayl'ir 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Unchiinan 

Abraham Lincoln 

Andrew .Johnson 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Rutherford B. Hayes.. 

James A. Garfield 

Chester A. Arthur 



Grover Cleveland . . . 
benjamin .Harrison. 



Louisiana 

New York 

New Hampshire, 
I'etnisylvania .. . 

I.linois 

Tennessee 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Ohio 

New York 



New York . 
Indiana . . . 



Two terms ; 1829-1 8: J7 

One term: 1S.'}7-1841 

One month: 1841 

3 years 11 months : 1841-1846. 
One term: 1845-1849 

1 year 4 months; 1849-1850. . 

2 "years 8 months : 1 850-1853 . 

One term: 185.3-1857 

One term ; 1857-1801 

One term, 1 month; 1801-1865. 

.3 years 11 months : 1865-1809. 

Two terms ; 1809-1877 

One term : 1877-1881 

months 15 days ; 1881 

3 years 5 months 15 days ; 
1881-1885 

One term, 1885-1889 



By whom vice-Presidents, 

elected. 



Whole people 
Federalists.. . 

Republicans . . 

Republicans. . 

All parties . . 
House of Eep 

Democrats . . . 

Democrats . . . 

Whigs 

Whigs 

Democrats . . . 

Whigs 

Whigs 

Democrats . . . 
Democrats . . . 

Republicans.. 

Republicans. . 

Republicans. . 

Republicans.. 
Republicans . . 

Republicans.. 
Democrats . , 
Republicans. . 



John Adams. 
Thomas Jefferson. 

i Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton, 
j George Clinton. 
j El bridge Gerry. 

Daniel D. Tompkins. 

John C, Calhcitni. 
j John C. Calhoun. 
I Martin Van Buren. 

Richard M. Johnson. 

John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas. 
Millard Fillmore. 

William R. King. 

J. C. Breckinridge. 
I Hannibal Hamlin. 
\ Andrew Johnson. 

( Schuyler Colfax. 
j Henry Wilson. 

William A. Wheeler. 

Chester A. Arthur. 



Thomas A. Hendricks, 
Levi P. Morton. 



APPENDIX. 



87 



TABLE D. 

Historical Table, of the United States n7id Terrilo 
ries, showi7ig the date of organization of Terri 
tories and the date of admission of new /States 
into the Union. 



Civil Divisiuns. 



THIBTERN OBIGINAL 
STATES. 



New Hampshire 
Massachusetts . . 
Rhode Island . . . 

ComiecticiiL 

New York 

New Jersey 

PeiiiiRylvaiiia . . . 

Delr-wure 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina . 
South Carolina.. 
Georgia 



STATES ADMITTED. 



Kentucky 

Vermont 

Tennessee 

Maine 

Texas 

West Virginia . 



PnBLIC-LAND STATES 
AND TERlilTOBIh-S. 



States. 



Ohio 

Louisiana . . 
Indiana. . . . 
Mississippi . 
Illinois . . . . 
Alabama. . . 
Missouri . . . 
Arkansas . . 
Michigan . . 

Florida 

Iowa 

Wisconsin . 
California , 
Minnesota . 
Oregon . . . 

Kansas 

Nevada . . . . 
Nebraska . . 
Colorado . . . 



Territories. 

Wyoming 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Dakota 

Arizona 

Idaho 

Montana 

Alaska 

Indian Territory . . . . 

District of Columbia. 



Act 
organizing 
Territory. 



March 

May 

April 

Feb. 

March 

June 

March 

Jan. 

March 

June 

April 



180.T 

isna 

18U!t 
1817 
1812 
1819 
1805 
1822 
1838 

isati 



March 

Aug. 

May 

March 

May 

Feb. 



July 25, 
Sept. 9, 
Sept. 9, 
March 2. 
March 2, 
Feb. 24, 
March o, 
May 26, 
July 27, 



1849 
1848 
1854 
1861 
1854 
1861 



1868 
1850 
1850 
1858 
1861 
1868 
1868 
1864 
1868 



July 16, 
March 3, 



1790 
1791 



Act 

admitting 

State. 



Feb. 4, 1791 
Feb. 18, 1791 
June 1, 1796 
March 3, 1820 
Dec. 29, 1845 
Dec. 31, 1862 



April SO, 
April 8, 
Dec. 11, 
Dec. 10, 
Dec. 3, 
Dec. 14, 
March 2, 
June 15, 
Jan. 26, 
March 3, 
March 3, 
March 3, 
Sept. 9, 
Feb. 26, 
Feb. 14, 
Jan. 29. 
March 21. 
Feb. 9, 
March 3, 



1802 

1812 

1816 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1821 

1836 

1837 

1845 I 

1845 j 

1847 i 

1850 

1857 

1859 

1861 

1864 

1867 

1875 



TABLE E. 

Number of Slaves. 

1790 697,897 

1800 893,041 

1810 1,191,364 

1820 1,.538.022 

1830 2,009,043 

1840 2,487.455 

1850 3,204,313 

1860 3,955,7b0' 



Abolition of Slavery. 

Maine (part of Massachusetts), 1780. 
Vermont, 1777. 
Massachusetts, 1780. 

Connecticut'^' " ] G^^'^'^ual abolition, having a few in 1840. 
New York, gradual, commencing 1799. Abolition entire 

in 1827. 
New Jersey, gradual, 1804. In 1850 had 236. 
Pennsylvania, gradual, 1780. In 1840 had 64. 



Maine, New Hampshire. Ohio,^ Indiana, Illinois, Michf- 
gan, Wi.sconsin, Iowa. Minnesota. Kiinsas, Colorado, Ne- 
braska, California and Oregon never legalized Slavery. 

The Slave States, in 1866, were Delaware, Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- 
ida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Kentncky, 
Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas. West Virginia was >e\>- 
araied from Virginia in 1862. 

Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia, April 
11, 1862, $1,000,000 being appropriated for compensation. 

Slaves of Secession-masters were emancipated Januory 
1, 1863, as the effect of President Lincoln's proclamation 
of September 22, 1862. 

December 18, l,'-65. the Thirteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution was latified by the required niiijority of 
States, and from that date Slavery was abolished through- 
out the United States. 



NOTE. 



The following blank pages are supplied for the insertion of grammatical, 
historical and political notes, for the collection of references to interesting pages 
of other works and for the reception of clippings from newspapers and other 
periodicals. 



ft 



I 



